THE MIGRATION FACTOR IN MODERN POLITICAL SCIENCE: SECURITIZATION OF MIGRATION

Аннотация

INTRODUCTION also cultural, political, environmental and security Political theory studies and investigates political fields are widely studied. processes in connection with various socio- economic events and changes in society. Migration, Concept and essence of migration which has a history as long as the history of It is known that migration is divided into internal mankind, has been scientifically studied since the and external. Migration within a country is internal last century. This was caused by the influence of migration, while inter-state migration is external migration on socio-economic and demographic migration. External migration is also known as changes in society, on political processes. Thus, the international migration. There are many problem of migration entered political science. The definitions of migration, but scholars define entry of migration into political science was international migration as a person or a group of connected with its politicization. The politicization people leaving their country for a period of at least of migration was signaled by French politician and 12 months to study, work, or live in another opposition leader Le Pen’s (father of Marine Le country[2]. Pen) claim in the 1970s that “two million (African) immigrants are the cause of two million French There are different views and theories about the unemployment.” [1] Of course, at that time, causes of migration. The first migration theory migration was not yet considered a “threat” and, (1885) was Ravenstein’s law, and later migration therefore, was not securitized. However, the theories increased. These include Stouffer’s theory introduction of migration into political processes of intersecting opportunities, Lee’s push-pull has become the center of debate, where its causes theory, Petersen’s “Five types of migration” theory, and consequences in not only socio-economic, but macro-micro theories of neoclassical economics, https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajpslc 49 THE USA JOURNALS THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCES (ISSN – 2689-0992) VOLUME 06 ISSUE06 world systems (center-periphery) theory, the causes of discontent of the local population. The migration systems theory, network theory, the reason, according to the researchers, is that, firstly, theory of institutional and cumulative causes of when immigrants differ from the local population migration and others. (ethnically, racially, culturally), resentment arises more. Second, local residents’ opposition to The above theories show that there is no way to immigration is largely influenced by stereotypes stop or prevent international migration today. This and misconceptions. For example, local residents means that migration has a great impact on view the immigrant population as excessive and political processes globally. With globalization, the believe that immigrants are poor, poorly educated, rapid spread of goods and services, technology, and culturally distant[5]. labor, and cultures has also ensured an increase in international migration. This led to a change in the The influence of migration on the political process political culture of states and societies and and political culture during and within the increased its influence on political processes. In framework of globalization is studied through the particular, with the increase in the number of theory of polarization. The concept of polarization immigrants, the formation of heterogeneous ethnic is the main point of conflict between cultures groups, cultures and societies has become the characterized by global mistrust. This theory center of discussion in Europe and North America, argues that cultural identity is a global distrust of where there are many immigrants. This seems the clash of civilizations rather than tolerance in right in one respect. Because, according to the data political cooperation. Furthermore, while of 2018, 4.561 billion in Asia. people live, and if only technological changes and the globalization of 2 percent of them are considered immigrants, information increase opportunities for 746.4 million people live in Europe. and 11.5 intercultural communication and sharing of percent or 1 in 9 people are immigrants. 579 experiences, it suggests that it can also be easily million in North America people live and 10 used for conflicts such as hatred, ethno- percent or one in 10 people are immigrants. With nationalism and racism[6]. this, we can understand the significant influence of The most famous and controversial example of this heterogeneous ethnic groups and cultural societies theory is Samuel Huntington’s “The Clash of in Europe and North America. Therefore, in Europe Civilizations”. According to Huntington, with the and North America, immigration is becoming end of the Cold War, the current situation in the politicized and in some cases securitized. As world may lead to cultural wars and even a “global Kostakopoulou points out, immigration policy is a war of