ETHNOGRAPHY AND ITS ORIGINS

Аннотация

This article discusses ethnography and its origins in different types of ethnic unity. Key words: ethnology, folklore, history, ethnosociology. ЭТНОГРАФИЯ И ЕЕ ИСТОКИ Аннотация. В статье рассматривается этнография и ее истоки в различных типах этнического единства. Ключевые слова: этнология, фольклор, история, этносоциология. ETHNOGRAPHY (ethno... and ... graphy), ethnology, ethnology - all the peoples of the world, different types of ethnic unity, their origin (ethnogenesis), lifestyle, traditions, regardless of the level of material and spiritual development, equally a special branch of science that studies mutual differences or commonalities and similarities, their specific characteristics. Ethnography studies the origin and formation, location and ethnic structure, customs, spiritual culture and national characteristics of the current etyaos in connection with the historical process. Historical Ethnography studies the characteristics of the disappeared peoples and peoples, the ethnic process of the past, domestic life and spiritual culture. Although ethnographic knowledge has appeared since ancient times, it was formed as an independent science in the middle of the 19th century. At first, this term was used by the German writer I. Zummer at the end of the 16th century, and then at the end of the 18th century and in 1808, special journals began to appear with this name. The word ethnography was adopted as a separate science at the Paris Congress of Anthropologists at the suggestion of the famous French naturalist and physicist Jean-Jacques Ampere (1839). Ethnography first collects factual knowledge, then analyzes them to understand their essence and draw theoretical conclusions. The science of ethnography, like other sciences, has its own special research methods and special terms. His style is related to certain worldviews and theories (methodology), and he carries out his research in connection with some scientific fields of anthropology, archeology, linguistics, sociology, and art studies. Due to the interdependence of these disciplines, in recent years, double scientific fields have also emerged, for example, ethnic anthropology, paleoethnography, ethnolinguistics, etc., and sociological 156 NEW RENAISSANCE 2024 OCTOBER INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE VOLUME 1 | ISSUE 8 research conducted in recent years has good results in the deep and wide-scale research of ethnic processes in the current period. As a result, the emergence of new scientific fields such as ethnosociology and ethnopsychology is important. In addition, new fields such as ethnobotany and ethnozoology are working in cooperation with ethnography to determine the economic characteristics of peoples with specific life characteristics, such as growing wild plants or domesticating wild animals, depending on the natural geographical conditions. In the study of peoples, the science of ethnography uses extremely wide and diverse sources and methods. Well-known ethnographers (L.Morgan, N.N. Mikluhomaklai, V.G. Bogoraz) have noted that the researches conducted by observation after living in one place for a long time are the most effective. Research work conducted in the short term, in certain seasons, is the expedition method, which is now widespread and is called the seasonal method. In field work, mainly by interviewing an informant, collecting information in writing or using a tape recorder, observing certain domestic and cultural life events, family-marriage relations and rituals, folk dances and games, directly participating in them and recording them. methods such as serious learning (writing, drawing, taking pictures) are used. In the study of spiritual culture (especially some traditions and rituals, folk games, worship, national dances) modern technology (photo, video and film equipment) is widely used. Ethnography in Uzbekistan. The oldest ethnographic information about the tribes and peoples living in the territory of Uzbekistan can be found in the first written sources, in the works of Greek and Roman authors Hecataeus, Strabo, Herodotus, Arrian, Ptolemy and Ctesius, Diodorus of Sicily, Pompey Trogus, and Tacitus. Valuable information about the ancient ancestors of the peoples of Central Asia and their way of life, customs and ceremonies can be found in the sacred book of the Zoroastrian religion "Avesta". Information about the peoples of Central Asia from the 6th-1st centuries BC to the Arab conquest can be found in rock inscriptions from the ancient Achaemenid period, Parthian, Sugdian, Khorezmian, Bakhtarian written monuments, Chinese travelogues, monuments in Middle Persian-Pahlavi language of Sassanid Iran, we find it in Armenian language sources, in ancient Turkic written monuments. Authors of the early Middle Ages (912 centuries), geographers and travelers Ibn Khurdadbeh, al-Balkhi, Istakhri, Ibn Havqal, Mas'udi, Yakut Hamavi wrote valuable information on the ethnography of the peoples of the East in their tra