ESTROSIS OF SHEEP AND DEVELOPMENT OF MEASURES AND CONTROL (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Аннотация

INTRODUCTION Extent of Oestrus ovis range and the need to ensure To combat estrosis, drugs from different groups of veterinary well-being regarding estrosis have chemical compounds have been proposed, necessitated a complex of fundamental and applied ensuring high efficiency of therapeutic and research. preventive measures. Scientists have carried out extensive research on The prospects of using the chemical method of the biology, ecology, phenology and distribution of protecting animals from harmful arthropods are estrosis pathogens in sheep (Beklemishev V.N., emphasized. Currently, in the practice of 1951; Gan E.V., 1964; Domatsky V.N., 1988; combating ectoparasites of farm animals, synthetic Shcherban N.F., 1971, 198 7 ; Ternovoy V.I., 1986; pyrethroids, which are 4th generation pesticides Marchenko V.A., 1994, 1997; Sivkov G.S., 1995; and are characterized by selective toxicity to Migunov I.M., 1998, etc.). arthropods, the ability to rapidly biodegrade and are harmless to warm-blooded animals, are The research results created the necessary increasingly used. prerequisites for the development of effective measures to combat the botfly. It has been established that the long-term use of https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajvswd 24 THE USA JOURNALS THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND WILDLIFE DISCOVERY (ISSN – 2689-0968) VOLUME 06 ISSUE03 insecto-acaricides requires constant improvement (Tolokonnikov V.P., 2005). of the technology of their use due to the threat of Insects lay larvae within 2-4 days. At one time, the the formation of resistant races of insects. There is female injects 8-12 1st stage larvae into the nasal a need for strict regulation, competent cavity of the sheep. toxicological analysis for the selection and use of drugs that, against the background of pronounced Stage 1 larvae are localized on the inner surface of therapeutic and prophylactic effectiveness, would the inferior turbinates, the nasal septum, and the meet the sanitary and hygienic requirements for wall of the nasal cavity. The strong attachment of them. the larvae to the nasal concha mucous membrane is crucial for their survival and development. This Systematic position, biology, phenology, allows them to access a good source of nutrients population ¬ecology, range of the sheep gadfly and oxygen, which are essential for their growth Sheep botfly ( Oestrus ovis Line , 1864) belongs to and maturation. The larvae's ability to secure the class of insects In- secta , the order of Diptera themselves in this location demonstrates their Diptera , the family of nasopharyngeal gadflies adaptability and evolutionary advantage in their Oestridae . environment. The armament of larvae of the 2nd and 3rd stages is weaker; they are localized in the Adult O. ovis a small insect 9-12 mm long. The body maxillary, frontal sinuses, and cavities of the horny is covered with small hairs. The head is large, the processes (Gan I.N., 1942). abdomen is short, oval. The head and dorsal surface of the chest are inseparable, brown-gray in color, During ontogenesis, the larvae molt twice in the the abdomen is yellowish-gray with small host's body. Larvae of the 1st ¬stage molt in the checkerboard patterns (Gan E.I., 1953). nasal turbinates; they undergo the second molt in the labyrinths of the ethmoid bone and frontal In the literature of recent decades there are sinuses (Krivko A. M., 1956). multiple reports ¬concerning the study of the biology of the banded gadfly (Beklemishev N.D., In stage 3 larvae, the dorsal side of each segment 1951; Blagoveshchensky D.I., 1937; Breev K.A., has pigmented transverse stripes of brown-black 1975; Gan E.I., 1964; Grunin K. N., 1956; Dukalov I. color. During pupation ¬, the larvae shorten to 15 A., 1957; Kolomiets Yu. S., Alfimova A. V., 1956; mm, the outer shell turns black, hardens, and turns Shcherban N. F., 1968, 1971; I., 1971, 1972, 1986; into a false cocoon (Ternova V.I., 1972). Semenov P. V., 1986; Marchenko V. A., 1985; Mature larvae of the 3rd stage migrate from the According to V.P. Tolokonnikov (1995), the flight of frontal sinuses to the nasal ¬cavity and irritate the the sheep gadfly in the Stavropol ¬Territory begins mucous membrane, which causes reflex sneezing in June and ends in the third ten days of October - in sheep, which contributes to the release of the first ten days of November. parasites into the environment. The larvae penetrate the soil to a depth of 1-5 cm. The pupal In summer, males live 3-9 days, in autumn phase is 14-16 days (Akbaev M. Sh., 2002). somewhat longer. The life expectancy ¬of females in summer is 15-20 , in autumn - up to 40 days The duration of development of larvae in the host’s (Ternova V.I., 1995) body in the ¬North Caucasus zone is 150-240 days for autumn infection, 30-45 days for spring Fertilized females do not fly. Within 10-15 days, infection (V.I. Ternovoy, 1985, 1995). ¬larvae form in a queen-like receptacle. Adults do not feed; they live off t