ISSUES OF LIVESTOCK FARMING IN THE RESEARCH OF B. KH. KARMISHEVA

Аннотация

INTRODUCTION regions and the Fergana valley can be included in Most of the information about cattle breeding of the regions where the herding culture of the the population of Uzbekistan has been published in population of Uzbekistan has been studied more the form of scientific articles and theses. In widely. In particular, the researches of a number of particular, information about the traditional types scientists, such as S. Tokarev, L. Tolstova, O. of occupations, trade relations, types and number Sukhareva, M. Bikjanova, M. Sazonova, G. Snesarev, of livestock in the farm of the population of provide information on livestock breeding. Uzbekistan and neighboring regions at the beginning of the 20th century B. Karmisheva, K. Among the ethnographic scientists, the researches Shoniyozov, I. Hidoyatov, N. Borozna as in the of K. Shoniyozov are of great importance, in the studies of ethnographers[1], as well as in various researches of the scientist cattle breeding in the collections[2], it has been thoroughly analyzed. territory of Uzbekistan was analyzed in detail from the historical and ethnographic point of view. In Zarafshan oasis, Khorezm, Tashkent and Syrdarya particular, the scientist’s works “Традиционное https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei 98 THE USA JOURNALS THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X) VOLUME 06 ISSUE09 животноводство узбеков Среднего Зарафшана” 3) summer pastures in high mountain regions and “Отгонное животноводство у узбеков”[3] ( [6. 221]. “Traditional Livestock Breeding of the Uzbeks of These livestock types may have unique variations Middle Zarafshan” and “Transhumance Livestock in different locations. In the settled population, the Breeding of the Uzbeks”) are important in kora or kora yalov system of animal husbandry elucidating the Uzbek livestock traditions. In prevailed, and in the nomadic population, the addition, H. Toshev’s essay “Economy and social pasture system prevailed. It is known that among life of Zarafshan Uzbeks at the beginning of the the settled population and the semi-settled 20th century”[4], written in the second half of the population there were different types of livestock 80s of the 20th century, sheds light on the lifestyle, farming. Among the previously nomadic tribes, traditions and rituals of the herdsmen of the region Transoxiana Turks, descendants of large tribes in the 20th century is important in disclosure. such as Kungyrot, Lokai, Qarluq, Turk, who came Ethnographer B.K. Karmisheva, who studied the from Dashti Kipchak, were considered herdsmen. southern regions of Uzbekistan, distinguishes four After lambing in the spring, they drove the herd to types of cattle breeding. These are ko‘chma usul, the pastures of the mountains and hills or to the haydov-yaylov usuli, haydov usuli and qo‘ton- steppe meadows. haydov[5]. According to the scientist, small- At the beginning of the 20th century, in the horned cattle were grazed on all-season pastures southern regions, haydov-yaylov cattle breeding throughout the year. In the Haydov-yaylov was preserved as the main and only branch of the method, cattle were driven to all seasonal pastures economy. This type of economy included ethnic throughout the year, and they were mainly under groups known as Qarluqs, ethnic groups known as the control of shepherds. In the Haydov method, Turks, and others, which preceded Dashti Kipchak large horned cattle are mainly raised by shepherds ethnic groups. They bought agricultural products around permanent residences of the population, from the mountain Tajiks, who were in mutual i.e. around villages, on uncultivated land. In the trade relations in the pasture, or from the market. Koton-haydov method, large horned cattle were Rich herders sold cattle to traders from Guzor, grazed in the hills in early spring [6] Karshi, Urgut, Tashkent and other places. At the At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th same time, they traded the long and fine wool to century, animal husbandry developed in its own the Arabs and Afghans who were going to sell their way as one of the important branches like cattle from Afghanistan through southern agriculture. The favorable climate of the southern Tajikistan to the Kokang in the spring. Subsidiary oasis and the availability of wide pastures are farming of Qarluq, Turk and Kungirat is a hobby of important in this. Some researchers have studied many families and a shepherding that has been oasis cattle breeding and divided it into 3 types passed down from generation to generation. In depending on the natural conditions and large ethnic groups such as Transoxiana Turks, availability of pastures: Qarluq, Kungirat, Dorman, Yuz, whose economy is 1) mountainside and desert pastures, i.e. based on cattle breeding, cattle-breeding activities autumn, winter, spring pastures in the regions of in the system of haydov-yaylov or qo‘ton-yaylov the foothills and desert zone; (moving from summ