SOME RISK FACTORS FOR PROGRESSION OF СHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Аннотация

INTRODUCTION percentage of correct diagnoses to 80–85%. The Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) is a use of various biopsy options in specialized disease that has become one of the causes of pulmonology institutions helps to increase this morbidity and mortality throughout the world. percentage to 95-96% [2,3]. This disease is characterized by the fact that it occurs as an exacerbation and is not always As practice shows, general practitioners often treatable. This article presents an analysis of make a diagnosis of COPD based on such shaky literature data over the past 10 years on risk signs as shortness of breath, physical and factors and pathogenetic aspects of chronic radiological data, especially in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease [1]. frequent exacerbations of lung diseases, without taking into account risk factors for the onset and X-ray comparisons, and in recent years, biopsy progression of the disease [4]. comparisons carried out in the treatment of many thousands of patients, have shown that in Diagnosis of COPD using the spirometric method is specialized centers the error rate is 4-5% and tends gaining new positions every year. Currently, a to decrease. Correct use of standard examination classification of COPD has been adopted, in which methods for patients with COPD, including, first of the main indicator of the severity of the disease is all, spirometry, in non-specialized general FEV1, all values of which relate to post- practitioners' offices, allows us to increase the bronchodilation. The work of the last decade has https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajmspr 16 THE USA JOURNALS THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES AND PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH (ISSN – 2689-1026) VOLUME 06 ISSUE09 confirmed the correctness of the fundamental Risk factors for COPD include genetic principles about the decisive role of the FEV1 predisposition; the most studied genetic disorder indicator in the diagnosis of COPD. However, in that may cause the disease is alpha-1-antitrypsin recent years, justified concerns have emerged that deficiency, which is the main cause of emphysema some overdiagnosis of this disease is possible, in non-smokers, organic and inorganic industrial especially when trying to take into account the so- hazards, household chemicals, and poorly called microsymptoms and symptoms that cannot ventilated areas. In addition, insufficient growth be accurately recorded and measured [5]. and development of the lungs in the perinatal period, oxidative stress, gender, age, respiratory I would like to note that reproaches against tract infections, a history of tuberculosis, modern pulmonology, as well as other medical socioeconomic status, poor nutrition, and disciplines, for departure from clinical thinking are comorbid conditions are considered risk factors for only fair when the use of a particular technique COPD [7,8]. becomes an end in itself, and the data obtained are not scrupulously studied and generalized. It is known that COPD is a polygenic inherited According to experts, the diagnosis of COPD is disease. In particular, deficiency in the production possible if the patient’s shortness of breath is more of α1-antitrypsin, the most important circulating pronounced than that of healthy people of the same inhibitor of serine proteases, is a documented risk age and gender, and the exacerbation of the factor for the development of COPD. Although α1- infectious process significantly disrupts the antitrypsin deficiency is a recessively inherited and patient’s lifestyle and if the malaise is long-lasting relatively rare disease, this disease is a clear [1,5]. example illustrating the interaction between genotype and environmental factors leading to the Combating risk factors is the most important development of COPD [9]. strategic goal in the prevention and treatment of COPD. There remains a nihilistic attitude towards Scientists have conducted a number of studies to COPD among a wide range of physicians due to the draw parallels between hereditary biological disappointing results regarding primary and defects and the risk of developing COPD. In secondary prevention of COPD, in particular particular, the role of transforming growth factor regarding the possibility of eliminating factors β1 (TGF-β1), microsomal apoxide hydrolase 1 causing the initiation and progression of COPD. (mEPHX1), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in Identification of risk factors is an important step the pathogenesis of COPD was studied. However, towards developing strategies for the prevention the unconditional role of these factors in the and treatment of any disease. Risk factors for COPD pathogenesis of COPD has not been proven [7,9]. are divided into two groups: exogenous and Infectious agents (viral and bacterial agents) may endogenous [6]. play a role in both the initiation of COPD and the In addition, the prevailing opinion is that in most progression of the disease through exacerbations. cas