GEOGRAPHICAL CROSS AND BIOSPHERE: RELATIONSHIPS, SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

Аннотация

INTRODUCTION The geographical shell is a self-developing system; The interrelationship of the components of the it is characterized by changes in space and time geographic crust is manifested in the exchange of due to the continuous influence of the Earth's and matter and energy. The structure of the the Sun's energy. geographical crust is not homogeneous, each part https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajiir 13 THE USA JOURNALS THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY INNOVATIONS AND RESEARCH (ISSN- 2642-7478) VOLUME 06 ISSUE09 of it, all its constituents (zonal and azonal natural replace this concept. complexes) have their own characteristics, and at A.A. Grigorev and a number of scientists put the same time, they are characterized by general forward the idea that the scope of the geographical laws of development. The doctrine of the shell and the geographical environment is one, geographical crust was developed in the 20th they are one concept. According to them, these two century by A.A. Developed by Grigorev. concepts complement each other and describe the Geographical crust refers to the Earth's crust, same natural phenomenon from different angles. where the lower part of the atmosphere, the upper However, the concept of geographic environment part of the lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the proposed by the French scientist Elisa Reclue in biosphere interact with each other, enter and the 70s of the XIX century is not a natural category, connect with each other. but rather a socio-historical category. The boundary of the geographical environment The geographic crust includes the hydrosphere expands with the development of society. At and the biosphere in its entirety, it includes areas present, human activity has gone beyond the limits up to the ozone layer in the atmosphere, and the of the geographical shell. So, the geographical hypergenesis zone in the lithosphere (from the environment is expanding, and its boundary is Greek hyper-topa, genesis-origin; a part of the consistent with the boundary of the geographical lithosphere near the Earth's surface). The crust. geological crust is not very thick, its greatest thickness is 40 km. around (extending 15-20 km Yu.K. Efremov expresses the opinion that the above and below the surface of the Earth). geographical shell should be called the landscape shell. But landscapes form a very thin layer in the In the Earth's crust, these two groups of forces geographical crust. Therefore, it is wrong to collided on the Earth's surface and combined with contrast the concept of landscape shell with the the unique conditions and features of the Earth's concept of geographical shell, because landscapes surface, creating a unique natural system that is are part of the geographical shell. Therefore, it is completely unlike any other part of our planet. better to use the concept of landscape shell Only within the geographic crust, which is a separately and in its place. natural and natural-anthropogenic system, there is life, animals and plants live, soil cover is formed, A.G. Isachenko recommends that the geographic rocks and various landforms are formed. crust be called the epigeosphere (from the Greek hyper-upper), since it is the outer, upper crust of Heat from the sun accumulates here, and only in the Earth. However, as we said above, the Earth's this shell water exists in three states: steam, liquid crusts are divided not only according to their and solid, and finally, human society appears and location, but also according to the properties of lives and develops only in this shell. substances, and if we take into account that the In addition to the concept of geographic crust, the outer crust of the Earth is made up of the concepts of landscape crust (Y.K. Efremov) and atmosphere and magni-tosphere, not the epigeosphere (A.G. Isachenko) are also used. But geographic crust, it is clear that the term now the concept of geographical shell is epigeosphere does not correspond to the concept widespread. of the geographic crust. Despite the widespread use of the concept of I.B. Zabelin recommended to replace the concept of geographic shell, scientists are currently trying to geographical shell with the concept of https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajiir 14 THE USA JOURNALS THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY INNOVATIONS AND RESEARCH (ISSN- 2642-7478) VOLUME 06 ISSUE09 biogenosphere, since the origin and development where life and water are spread. of life took place in the geographical crust. The According to D. L. Armand, the upper limit of the concept of "biogenosphere" is very close to the geographic crust extends to the tropopause, and widely used concept of "biosphere" in science. If the lower limit extends to the bottom of the Earth's this concept is accepted, the concept of "biosphere" crust. F.N. Milkov also agrees with this opinion and becomes complicated and confused. In addition, proves this opinion as follows: there is no need or bas