ИСТОРИЯ ДИРИЖИРОВАНИЯ, ОРКЕСТРОВ И ХОРОВ

Аннотация

This article talks about the history and theory of conducting, orchestras and choirs, and the artists working in this field. Key words: conducting, orchestra, choir, ability, art, pianist. ИСТОРИЯ ДИРИЖИРОВАНИЯ, ОРКЕСТРОВ И ХОРОВ Аннотация. В этой статье рассказывается об истории и теории дирижирования, оркестрах и хорах, а также об артистах, работающих в этой области. Ключевые слова: дирижирование, оркестр, хор, способность, искусство, пианист. The word "conductor" is pronounced differently in different languages: the Germans say "Dirident", the Italians say "Diridente", the French say "Chef orchestre", the English say "Conductor". In any language, this word means leader, chief, director. Thus, the conductor is the leader of the orchestra. Its main task is to control the active and well-organized life of the community. The conductor ensures that the musicians perform the musical work in harmony, that they start and end the piece together, play their instruments in unison, keep the pauses in time, and start the tune in unison. The conductor should adapt the performance of the musicians to a single rhythm and tempo, and give signs to direct them to the performance. By the way, for a long time, many people understood that the task of the conductor is only to ensure the performance of the orchestra in a single rhythm. In fact, the profession of a conductor is very complicated and difficult. It requires a lot of mental and nervous work, constant physical strength. Therefore, a conductor must have good health and endurance. The self-control necessary for him also depends on the state of health and nervous system. The conductor is the main coordinator of the activities of more than 100 musicians. His role is partly similar to that of a director. The director is the artistic director of the stage work in the theater, he coordinates all the work related to the preparation of the performance. The conductor can also be considered as the direct director of the orchestra. Leo Tolstoy's "What is Art?" in his famous article called "The activity of art is to restore the once-experienced feeling, and express it through words, paint, sounds, and symbols in such a way that others can experience 12 NEW RENAISSANCE 2024 SEPTEMBER INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE VOLUME 1 | ISSUE 7 this feeling. consists of delivery. Art is a type of human activity, through which a person conveys his feelings to others through external signs, and they transfer this feeling to their hearts. they feel from the heart." This recognition directly applies to the art of conducting. This is the conductor's emotional influence. his ability to convey emotions to others is important. First of all, he needs to captivate the orchestra with his emotions, and then to enchant the audience with him. This art has a long history. Ever since people started singing in unison, they have had a need to follow a common rhythm and tempo. In the dances and songs of primitive peoples, the rhythm is clapped, as well as pounded or drummed. In ancient Greece, there were choir leaders who beat their feet and set the rhythm. It is also known that in the Roman school of singing, certain hand movements were used to control the music. These two methods of conducting formed the basis of orchestral management, with the conductor striking the beat with his feet, tapping the keyboard or the floor with a baton, and also striking the keyboard with a reduced sheet of music. was standing So, it took a long time to demonstrate the tact with the foot. Therefore, many people remember this thing with disgust. In particular, the German composer Matteson (1731) sarcastically said: "It is surprising that some people express a positive opinion about showing the beat with their feet, perhaps they think that their feet are smarter than their heads. That's why they obey the foot." At that time, the conductor's baton was made in different lengths. Sometimes it reached 180 cm in length and was called the "Royal Brass Rod" and was struck on the ground to mark the beat. It is not difficult to imagine how loud the sound of percussion hitting the floor in an opera house, a concert hall, or a church can make. This method of conducting an orchestra was especially common in France, particularly in Paris. It was introduced and spread by a composer named Lully. One day, he was so engrossed in music that he injured his leg with the sharp end of a cane while conducting. This wound caused his death. However, this tragedy did not overshadow this deeply rooted tradition. In a word, in the 17th and 18th centuries, composers playing harpsichord, organ, etc., and sometimes the main violinist, who today we call orchestra concertmaster, performed the task of conducting. Liar mainly performed their own, and sometimes others' works accompanied by an orchestra. By the time when the art of music began to develop rapidly, important operas appeared for the first time. Composers began to write music for a lar