Подходы к определению понятий «чтение» и «аутентичные материалы» в английской методологии

Аннотация

Ключевые слова: В статье рассматриваются подходы к определению чтение, понятий «чтение» и «аутентичные материалы» в аутентичный материал, английской методологии. Чтение для разных людей смысл, означает разные вещи, для одних это распознавание исчерпывающее описание, разговор, интерактивная написанных слов, а для других возможность научиться модель, произношению и попрактиковаться в разговорной речи. коммуникативный Однако у чтения всегда есть цель. Это то, чем мы процесс. занимаемся каждый день, это неотъемлемая часть нашей повседневной жизни, которая воспринимается как должное и обычно считается чем-то, что может сделать каждый. Говорят, что чтение – это навык, который высоко ценится как учениками, так и учителями. Понимание прочитанного – это сложный процесс, в котором читатель использует свои умственные способности для получения информации. Alderson defines reading as “…an enjoyable, intense, private activity, from which much pleasure can be derived, and in which one can become totally absorbed”. Reading means different things to different people, for some it is recognizing written words, while for others it is an opportunity to teach pronunciation and practice speaking. However, reading always has a purpose. It is something that we do every day, it is an integral part of our daily lives, taken very much for granted and generally assumed to be something that everyone can do. The reason for reading depends very much on the purpose for reading. Reading can have three main purposes, for survival, for learning or for pleasure. Reading for survival is considered to be in response to our environment, to find out information and can include street signs, advertising, and timetables. It depends very much on the day-to-day needs of the reader and often involves an immediate response to a situation. In contrast reading for learning is considered to be the type of reading done in the classroom and is goal orientated. While reading for pleasure is something that does not have to be done. For Nuttall the central ideas behind reading are: 1) the idea of meaning; 2) the transfer of meaning from one mind to another; 3) the transfer of a message from writer to reader; 4) how we get meaning by reading; 5) how the reader, the writer and the text all contribute to the process. Reader process texts in two ways, either Top-Down or Bottom-Up. Bottom-up processing is when the reader builds up meaning by reading word for word, letter for letter, carefully checking both vocabulary and syntax. This is often associated with poor or slow readers, but can sometimes occur when the readers own schema knowledge is inadequate. Top – Down processing is the opposite, where a global meaning of the text is obtained, through “clues” in the text and the reader’s good schema knowledge. This is often associated with a good reader, who does not read word for word but quickly and 451 Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations Special Issue – 5 (2021) / ISSN 2181-1415 efficiently. The most comprehensive description of the reading process are interactive models, “…in which every component in the reading process can interact with any other component… ”, combining elements of both bottom-up and top down models. Reading is considered to be an interactive process (a conversation between writer/reader, even though the writer is not present) and for it to occur both processes are necessary, top- down to predict the meaning and bottom-up to check it. The two are therefore complementary ways of processing a text. It is said that reading is a skill that is highly values by students and teacher alike. Reading comprehension is a complex process in which the reader used his mental ability to obtain the information. It means that the reader must be able to recognize the meaning of printed words. Identifying reading is often connected with the process of reading itself. The process is the interaction between a reader and a text which is normally silent, internal and private. It means that there are many things happen during reading. It is about how people interpret the written text in order to acquire knowledge or understand messages. Those processes involve three components which are the writer, the text and the reader. It is also defined that reading as a process. Reading with the communication process and states that reading means getting out of the text as nearly as possible with the writer’s messages. In other words, the writer as an encoder has something in mind which wants to be shared with other people during that process. To make it happen, the writer puts his ideas into words as a text. While the reader plays a role as the decoder, who may decode or construct meaning of the text, before the messages enter the reader’s mind and finally communication is achieved. In line with those definitions, it is defined that reading as “the process of receiving and interpreting information encoded in language through the medium of print.”