STYLISTIC FEATURES OF LANGUAGE

Аннотация

this article provides information about stylistic features in a language as well as gives examples on this issue. Furthermore, author tries to find main basis of stylistic devices using diverse resources. Keywords: stylolinguistics, bearers, segmental, phonemes, suprasegmental phonemes, speech modulation. A wide range of expressive techniques, from linguistic to paralinguistic and extralinguistic elements, are used in speech communication. However, the natural language offers the most flexibility in adapting its usage to the communication functions of discourses in a variety of situations due to its systematic diversity on all levels of its structure (phonology, morphology, lexicology, and syntax). Hence, the foundation of stylistic variation is language expressive methods, which are methodically recognized and arranged by linguistic stylistics (stylolinguistics). It should be highlighted, nonetheless, that language variants that serve comparable or different communication purposes and that are, in reality, competitors within a specific paradigm or category are seen as stylistically relevant. According to this viewpoint, some language units—such as notional words and -splural markers—occur in all kinds of writings because of their neutral stylistic value. However, some language units, such as terms, some foreign plural nouns, vulgarisms, and participial constructions, have stylistic markers before they are even used, which makes them more likely to appear in specific types of texts. These 'bearers' of stylistic information, which can originate from any linguistic plane, are also referred to as stylemes [1]. Moreover, not every level of the language system has the same opportunities for selection: the wordstock level (synonymy and polysemy) is the most diverse, while the phonological plane (phonemic variants) offers the fewest options. Some writers argue that the value of style is frequently overstated and that there are limitations to the stylistic options available [2]. The segmental - phones (realizations of abstract phonemes) and syllables (basic rhythmical units) and suprasegmental (prosodic) constructional units on the phonetic/phonological plane are identified through the analysis of connected speech. These are the results of three types of sound variation (modulation): temporal 102 ISSN (E): 2181-4570 ResearchBib Impact Factor: 6,4 / 2023 SJIF 2024 = 5.073/Volume-2, Issue-8 (speed/rate, pause, rhythm), force (loudness, stress, emphasis), and tone (pitch, tune). Most segmental phonological variation is stylistically neutral since it does not provide artistically relevant possibilities; rather, it is largely involved in meaning differentiation, where phonemes serve as minimal functional units that can separate meaning. However, some phonemes and their combinations can be subjectively interpreted as euphonic (pleasant to the ear, harmonious, e.g., lateral consonant /l/, as in lovely) or cacophonic (disagreeable to the ear, dissonant, harsh, e.g., words having the /sl-/ cluster: sloppy, slime, or the nonsense word slithy by Lewis Caroll). Non-poetic language also makes use of sound symbolism, which is the non-arbitrary relationship between phonetic characteristics of linguistic objects and their meanings (e.g., incidence of close vowels in terms suggesting smallness: tiny, teeny-weeny, wide vowels in phrases denoting largeness: huge, vast). In addition to poetry, a number of poetic devices that rely on the sound instrumentation of text are frequently employed in discourse that aims to take advantage of this language's potential and convey a particular feeling or atmosphere, such as speeches in public, puns, jokes, children's rhymes, advertisements, product names, slogans, etc. [3]: rhyme, paronomasia, mimesis, synesthesia, alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia (direct and indirect), (perfect, half, eye, masculine, feminine, triple, internal, end/terminal, etc.). These phonetic and phonological features used for expressive purposes are studied by phonostylistics. Some suprasegmental phonemes, besides having a grammatical function (segmentation of syntactic units, signalling their pragmatic function), are open to stylistic exploitation, e.g., melody (tune, intonation),stress (prominence) and pause, while others have mainly stylistic function – rhythm, tempo (rate, speed),voice intensity(loudness) andtimbre (voice quality: rich, soft, harsh, hoarse). When combined, theyimpress a distinguishing mark upon users of language by which, together with their physiological traits (face, posture), humans are recognized as individuals (i.e., ´voice signature´ which serves as an important recognizable to identify a phone caller). Also, an ´accent´ (i.e., a particular way of pronunciation, emphasis pattern and intonation characteristic of the speech of a particular person, group, or locality) identifies one as belonging to a particular region (e.g., Southern accent), social 103 ISSN (E): 2181-4570 ResearchBi