Эпидемиологические и эпизоотические проблемы туберкулеза сельскохозяйственных животных и птиц

Аннотация

The article presents theEpidemiological, epizootic and socio-economic problems of animal and birds tuberculosis, the infectivity of human and bovine tuberculosis to different types of animals and birds, for humans, as well as measures to prevent the disease. KEYWORDS: agricultural, birds, tuberculosis. One of the most essential necessities of today is the development of animal husbandry, which is an important part of agriculture in the country. Animal infectious diseases are well-known as the greatest threat to livestock, and the industry's expansion obstructs the accomplishment of high profitability.Infectious bacterial infections spread across a large area due to their high frequency and mortality, and a lot of money is spent on measures like prevention and treatment [13]. As a result, research into the etiology, diagnosis, and prevention of tuberculosis in farm animals on livestock farms is critical.Tuberculosis spreads due to unfavorable natural conditions and violations of veterinary-sanitary norms. The problem is exacerbated by the lack of efficient biological and biochemical medications in the veterinary care system, which leads to disease spread [7; 14]. Although tuberculosis' causal agent has evolved into a specific form of animal organism over time, it can now be found in agricultural, domestic, and wild animals, as well as poultry and even the human body [1]. As a result of tuberculosis being added to the list of anthropozoonotic diseases, medical and veterinary specialists must work together to diagnose, treat, and control the disease [4; 14]. In addition to the traits shared by all infectious diseases, tuberculosis has a number of distinguishing characteristics. The disease's prevalence, the variables that cause infection, the disease's chronic course, and the organism's existence in a wide range of quantitative and qualitative variations from the disease [2; 7].The infection's most prominent aspect is its intertwined relationship with society's social structure, as well as the population's economic, living, and cultural conditions. As a result, tuberculosis has long been regarded as an infectious as well as a socioeconomic issue [4; 17]. The degree of pathogen isolation in cattle (M. bovis) is mostly determined by the epidemiological and epizootic condition of tuberculosis in cattle and other farm animals [13; 15]. In this regard, in the Russian Federation in 2002, 93,500 head, in 2003, 93,700 head, in 2004, 75,254 head of cattle tested positive for tuberculin, and 21,600, 19,900 and 18,000 samples were tested for tuberculosis, respectively. In the study, 63.6% of cattle were found to be pathogenic and 36.4% of cattle were found to have different atypical mycobacteria. Of the isolated pathogenic strains, 96.5% were M. bovis and 2.7% were M. tuberculosis and 0.8% of M.avium species [12]. Tuberculosis is far more common in the CIS, the Baltic States, and other Eastern European countries, according to some scientists. The incidence rate in Russia peaked at 90.7 per 100,000 people in 2000. Middle European Scientific Bulletin, VOLUME 23 Apr 2022 27 MIDDLE EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN ISSN 2694-9970 (90.7 per 100,000 people). This number began to fall in 2001-2002. Ukraine (68.6/100000), Transcaucasia, and Central Asia all had comparable situations. [15]. In our country, 11.6% of M.bovis pathogens are isolated from humans. The etiological determinants of the creation of pathological processes of the pathogen in human pulmonary tuberculosis or other organs of the lungs are influenced by the degree of epizootic malignancy in bovine tuberculosis. Long-term contact with diseased cattle has been found to cause up to 2.4 percent of urogenital tuberculosis in cattle [13]. Carnivorous animals infected with the M. bovis type can also serve as a source of infection for humans. The incidence of tuberculosis in stray dogs is 3.8%. In healthy families, 3.7% of dogs were diagnosed with tuberculosis and 5.2% of cats. In families with tuberculosis, this figure may be 3 times higher [4]. In the process of applying measures to combat tuberculosis the recovery period of the farm depends on the complexity of the epizootic process, how long the area has been unhealthy, the time of the disease and the age of the animal, the mechanism of infection, the qualifications of the farm veterinarian, the level of implementation of veterinary and sanitary measures and regulations. [8]. As a result of comprehensive veterinary-sanitary and preventive measures for the recovery of cattle from tuberculosis in the community sector has led to an increase in livestock production and livestock numbers.In 1999, an average of 2,800 liters of milk was milked per cow in unhealthy farms on tuberculosis, but after the farm was rehabilitated, the amount of milk produced increased by 4,200 kg.Grade I milk production increased from 79.7% to 98.7%.During the first 5 months of 2000, the average milk yield of dairy farms at “Ivanovskoe”, “Novoselskoe”