SANITATION-SAFETY- PLANNING (SSP), THE NEXUS FOR CLIMATE RESILENCE, SANITION AND HEALTH IN BAYELSA STATE

Аннотация

INTRODUCTION ways along the entire service chain. Floods that Global heating driven primarily by anthropogenic cause containment units to overflow, corrosion of greenhouse gas emissions is leading to significant wastewater treatment infrastructure from sea- changes in climates throughout the world. It is very level rise and rising temperatures that proliferate likely that heat waves will occur more often and pathogens in waterways are only a few of many last longer, extreme precipitation events will examples of how climate can affect sanitation. become more intense and frequent in many Although climate-related hazardous events have regions and global mean sea level will continue to always existed, climate change has potential to rise (IPCC, 2014a). In many regions, changing increase their severity and the likelihood of precipitation is already affecting the quantity and creating public health risks. Also, disadvantaged quality of water resources (IPCC, 2014b). While groups are considered vulnerable and therefore there is a level uncertainty associated with how more likely to disproportionally bear the burden of climates, particularly at local levels will change, it these increased risks [Climate, Sanitation and is clear that effects of these changes pose Health (WHO 2019)]. Furthermore, the pressures significant health risks including through of urbanization, demand for food, water scarcity sanitation. Changes in climate variability, extreme and the provision of safe affordable sanitation is weather events, and seasonality can directly and becoming more complex despite the fact that indirectly impact sanitation systems in numerous access to basic sanitation at the household level https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei 112 THE USA JOURNALS THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X) VOLUME 06 ISSUE07 remains a critical public health intervention for risk-based management tool for the safe use and preventing sanitation related disease especially for disposal of grey water, wastewater and excreta diarrhea, intestinal worms, cholera and developed in 2006. It is a step-by-step risk-based gastrointestinal disorders which affect most approach to implementing local level risks people. Preventing exposure to human waste, assessment and management for the entire especially in dense urban settings requires safe sanitation service chain, covering containment, management of the entire sanitation service chain conveyance, treatment and end use of disposal. involving multiple actors and exposed groups in The 2006 WHO Guidelines were designed to assist the collection, transport, treatment, disposal and in the development of national and end use of sanitation waste. Although evidence is international approaches and to provide a limited, global burden of disease estimates for framework for national and local decision making diarrhea shows that this higher level of service is to identify and manage health risk associated with effective and can achieve large health gains over use of waste water, excreta and grey water in and above what can be achieved with basic agriculture and aquaculture. In 2018, after sanitation alone. concluding that sanitation interventions have shown lower than expected health outcomes, the In Bayelsa State, a sizable proportion of the World Health Organization launched its first population has been reported to be suffering from comprehensive Guidelines on Sanitation and gastrointestinal disorders particularly diarrhea; Health which aim to provide evidence-based Also, a number of children have been diagnosed of recommendations and offer guidance to ensure gastroenteritis and helminthes infections. In 2021 international, national and local sanitation policies alone, between March and April, over 200 cases and programmes that effectively protect public were reported from over 30 communities arising health. Besides its key recommendations and good from the outbreak of acute-gastroenteritis practice actions for enabling safe sanitation service suspected to be of cholera, and casualty figures delivery, the guidelines offer implementation were over 26 (SSP zero draft, 2021). guidance on technical, strengthening of the The Bayelsa state SSP Zero Draft Report (2021) enabling environment and behavior change also categorized sanitation systems in the Bayelsa interventions as well as technical resources. This State capital city (Yenagoa) into the Pour Flush engagement is therefore undertaken to publicize Toilet system (PFTS) and the Flush Toilet System the WHO Guidelines on Sanitation and Health (FTS) complete with septic tanks and effluent because it seeks to articulate and support the role infiltration and offsite fecal sludge disposal of health and other actors in sanitation policy and systems, some of which are channeled into the Epie programming to help ensure that health risks are Creek; and that there are some households which identified and managed effe