Formation of english compounds and their traslation

Аннотация

—The study of word formation of compounds is currently so confused that crafting an introduction to the topic without controversy seems unattainable and the method of creating words in English is examined in various educational materials and lexicons written by different scholars.This article focuses on the discussion of formation of compounds, compounding as one of the means of word- formation in English, as well as its criteria. Key words — iction Compound, formation, compounding, endocentric, exocentric, copulative compound. 1. INTRODUCTION In linguistics, there are several different branches which study about different aspects in language. Mainly, there are phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. The branch which focuses on the study of word is called morphology, which deals with the internal constituent structure of words [Booij, 2005, 232]. It is similar to Lieber, who states that morphology is the study of word formation, as well as the way new forms of words are coined in the languages. of the world, and the way forms of words are varied depending on how they are used in sentences. Thus, it is simply defined that morphology is a branch of linguistics which examines or studies the theory of word. Word is defined as the smallest free form which has a meaning in language. It is considered as the basic meaningful units that every language has [Carstairs- McCarthy, 2002]. As stated by O'Grady, Dobrovolsky, and Katamba that word is “the smallest free form found in language”. Words which are used to communicate by people in daily lives commonly exist within sentence chains and they consist of various forms. Some examples of the word-formation processes in language are affixation, infixation, suffixation, conversion or zero-derivation, reduplication, clipping, blending, backformation, and acronym. One of the processes which is often discussed is the process of compounding. Then, the word which is resulted from the process is called a compound word. 2. MAIN PART A compound is a unit of vocabulary which consists of more than one lexical stem functioning as a single item, with its own meaning and grammar. For example, secondhand, waterbike [ProshinaZ., 2008, 156]; Lieber and Štekauer state that there are two forms of compounds, namely the synthetic compounds and the root compounds. Thus, according to this division the following are examples of such compounds [Lieber and Štekauer, 2005, 375]: a) Synthetic compounds: bus driver, birth-giving b) Root compounds: cat bowl, ice blue, whiteboard, fat-free. Moreover,Lieber and Stekauerconsider the synthetic compounds to be as productive inEnglish as well as the root compounds. In this way, they point out that the noun-adjective, adjective-noun (whiteboard), and adjective-adjective root compounds are also productive [Lieber and Stekauer. 2005, 375]. Furthermore, they also emphasise that other root compounds such as verb-verb compounds and noun-verb compounds are not as productive as the previously mentioned compounds, since they are harder to form. 1) Synthetic compound. According to Lieber and Stekauer, the synthetic compounds are also called verbal, deverbal or verbal nexus compounds. Similarly, Fabb points out that the synthetic compound has as its head a derived word consisting of a verb plus one of a set of affixes-er, -ing, passive adjectival-en, such as in the examples of window cleaning. Lieber and Stekauer further point out that the synthetic compounding, like root compounding, is highly productive in English and it is right-headed. The following examples explain this phenomenon: a) Lorry driver, meat packer, dog lover b) Lorry driving, meat packing, dog loving c) Desire driven, dog bitten, well fed, It is agreed that where the deverbalized suffix is-er, or-ing, the stem is interpreted as an intermal argument of the verb stem [Lieber and Stekauer, 2005]. Therefore, in the example dog lover, it is someone who loves dogs. Moreover, they emphasize that in the earliest generative treatment of synthetic compouns, a transformational derivation for synthetic compounds was used. Based on this, Lieber and Stekauer consider that there are sentence deep structures that can be used for synthetic compounds, where the transformations can successfully show this phenomenon. Thus, a compound like meat eater derives from a deep structure sentence (E.g. The man eats meat) as do the synthetic compound meat eating, and the root compound eating meat. www.samdchti.uz 156 RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALAR DAVRIDA TARJIMASHUNOSLIK VA LINGVISTIKA: ZAMONAVIY YONDASHUVLAR TADQIQI” nomli ilmiy maqolalar to‘plami May – 2024 2) Root compound. Root compounds are also called primary compounds where the second stem is not deverbal (Štekauer and Lieber, 2005). According to them, root compounds consist of combinations of the open categories N (noun), V (verb), A (adjective). Thus, the following compounds underline this statement: (1) Noun Compounds: NN bird food, watermill, boo