MAIN SOURCES OF PHRASEOLOGISMS IN MODERN ENGLISH

Аннотация

INTRODUCTION phraseological level. Phraseological unit is more complex language unit, than a word, in structural and in semantic spheres. The classification system of phraseological units However, for majority of them functional vicinity suggested by academician V.V. Vinogradov is based to word is characteristic. Semantic wholeness is a on the degree of semantic cohesion between the constancy of components. The structure of the components of a phraseological unit, where the phraseological units defines other important criteria is akin to the one in Bally’s classification. peculiarity of the phraseological unit approaching The more distant the meaning of a phraseological them with. This means that in system of the unit from the current meaning of its constituent language, they exist as readymade units in they are parts, the greater is the degree of semantic not made, but are extracted from memory and are cohesion. The given typology, worked out on the used in the lexical meanings, grammatical forms material of the Russian language, was widely used and functions, which are to express. Phraseological by phraseologists for describing phraseological units of both English and Russian languages have a systems of other languages, including English. long history; include a significant amount of According to Vinogradov’s classification, international words and idioms, related to human phraseological units are divided into three big knowledge about the surrounding world. There groups: phraseological fusions, phraseological are phraseological units in the Russian and English unities and phraseological combinations. The languages with a similar conceptual semantics sources and origin of phraseological units in which are not as numerous as the phraseological modern English and Russian languages can be units with the phraseological equivalents in the similar. other language. So, a phraseological unit is a word- The main source of phraseological unit is the Bible. group or a sentence with full or partial Bible is the main literal source of phraseological transformation meaning and with stability at units. Over the centuries Bible was a widely read https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei 162 THE USA JOURNALS THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-0811) VOLUME 06 ISSUE05 and quoted book in England. Number of scriptural kitchen, different kinds of sport, art, parts of human constructions and expressions is so high that it is body, etc. L.P.Smith there is no clarification of the not an easy task to collect and to count them. The semantic structure. To him, the persistent word following biblical expressions are used in combinations, determined as «idioms» is of interest contemporary English: The apple of Sodom — mainly because they are «verbal anomalies», красивый, но гнилой плод; обманчивый успех; «which break grammatical or logical rules [1]. At Can the leopard change his spots? — букв. Может the same time, Smith tried to demonstrate wealth ли леопард перекрасить свои пятна?; and multiplicity of English phraseology, to Горбатого могила исправит. The English determine from which sources it has penetrated phraseological units cannot be translated into into the general language. Russian language word-for-word, otherwise it will L.P.Pastushenko suggests naming such multitude of lose its expressiveness and linguistic curiosity. phraseological units combined on the basis of their Here is one more interesting example Rus. logical-subjective, communicative commonality «намылить голову» in English would be: haul which cover the peculiar sphere of knowledge as somebody over the coals. The Russian language phraseo-thematic area, she gives the following has its own psychological, sociolinguistic classification: 1) firearms; 2) fighting or hostilities; peculiarities, that’s why the phraseological units 3) military symbolism; 4) shooting or firing; 5) can’t be translated word-for-word: плясать под soldier, rank; 6) guard duty; 7) military tactics [7]. чужую дудку — come under somebody’s There are following examples of such influence, submit to the influence of somebody; phraseological units: дать шпоры — spur on; English to lock the stable door after the horse is бедный родственник — a poor relation, i.e. a stolen, to ride the high horse (means to behave a humble person who depends on others; go nuts — superior, haughty way), to show one’s teeth (to рехнуться; hit the high spots — говорить о take a treating tone, show an intention to injure), главном; обращать внимание на самое to wash one’s dirty linen in public (discuss of make существенное. Phraseological units in the on public one’s quarrels) Rus. «выносить сор из compared languages can have the same meaning, избы» because Russian people used to live in the however, they are based on different images with houses called «izba». To carry coal to Newcastle — the features of national character, a typical example возить товар туда, где его