Comparative analysis of syntactic relationships between words in English and Uzbek

Аннотация

The article is concentrated on the syntactical level viewed in the comparative aspect. Investigating such units of the given level, as phrases and sentences, the author compares their linguistic properties on the material of English and Uzbek. The implemented analysis has made it 122 Topical issues of language training in the globalized world possible to reveal both isomorphic and allomorphic features between the targeted units of the languages Key words: comparison, syntax, syntactical relationship, noun phrases, verb phrases, sentence The syntactic connection between words, forming basis of a language, determines their relationships in a sentence. These connections, indicating how words are connected in a sentence in terms of grammar, play a crucial role in effective communication and provides insights into the structure and function of languages. This relationship may be of various type including subordination, agreement, determination, and so on. Studying the syntactic relationship between words is important because it helps to understand how a sentence is constructed and what relationships exist between its parts. This allows you to express your thoughts more clearly and accurately, improves your reading and comprehension skills, and also helps you avoid mistakes when writing. In addition, understanding syntactic relationships is useful when learning foreign languages. The study of the syntactic relationship between words in a comparative typological sense is important because it allows you to compare and analyze different languages in terms of their grammatical structures and features. This allows linguists to identify common patterns and differences between languages of different types and families, which in turn contributes to a deeper understanding of linguistic diversity and the foundations of linguistics. In this article, it is aimed to examine the syntactic connections between English and Uzbek which come from separate language families. Through a comparative analysis, linguists try to highlight the distinctions and similarities in how these languages structure their syntax. The syntax of a language deals with the units of linguistics which are far more complicated compared to the word. These units include the phrase and the sentence, their combinations, types and parts. The basic units for comparative typology are the word combinations and the sentence. Since English and Uzbek belong to different language families, with English being a Germanic language and Uzbek being a Turkic language, there are several interesting points of comparison in the way syntactic relationships between words are built. 123 Topical issues of language training in the globalized world Let’s take noun phrases. In order to modify nouns, in English prepositions are used while in Uzbek postpositions are employed. For example: The book is on the table in English language; Stol ustidagi kitob in Uzbek language Preposition “on” comes before the noun “table” which is modified in English, whereas the postposition “ustidagi” comes after the modified noun “stol”. Regarding verb phrases, unlike English which provides verb before noun, in Uzbek, verb is used after noun or object. What’s more, English relies on auxiliary verbs to convey tense, aspect, and mood, while Uzbek employs inflectional suffixes attached to the verb root. For example: Ali is reading a book. Verb “read” comes before object “a book”. However, in Uzbek the sentence “Ali kitob o‘qiyapti” shows the verb “o‘qiyapti” after the object “kitob”. Characterising syntactical connections, in Uzbek language, word combination “Alining kitobi” is seen as an agreement type of syntactical connections, whilst in English it is a government type. In Uzbek language two words need to agree in terms of each other’s structure. There is a rule in Uzbek syntax that any word with the genitive case inflection “-ning” is connected with a word with inflections referring to possessed noun such as -(i)m, -(i)ng, -(si). –(lar)i, -(i)miz, -(i)ngiz. That means if there is an adjunct word with the inflection “-ning “, obviously there is a head word with one of the inflections above which is connected with adjunct word. In English, government is used to join two nouns together. For instance, Ali’s book. Adjunct word “Ali” is dependant on head word “book”. Relating to word order, English typically follows a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) word order, whereas Uzbek follows a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order. For example Ali eats apples. SVO word order; Ali olmalarni yeydi. SOV word order Adverbial clauses, prepositional phrases are mostly used either at the end or beginning of a sentence in English, while they can be placed in the middle of the sentence in Uzbek. For example: I live in Uzbekistan; Men O‘zbekistonda yashayman. Speaking about grammatical structure and syntactic rules, it is necessary to underline that English makes use of articles, prepositions to convey grammatical 124 Topical issues of