THE EFFECT OF FEMINISM ON EGYPTIAN LITERATURE

Аннотация

INTRODUCTION This situation persisted during President Sadat's During the early 1900s, women expressed their tenure despite his liberal economic policies. Many strong disagreement with colonial policy. of these communities were assimilated during this Throughout the 1919 Egyptian revolt, the period. (Al-Ali, 2000) protesters advocated for gender equality by demanding freedom for women and men. Abdel Nasser's most notable accomplishment was Nevertheless, women remained devoid of political the enactment of women's suffrage in 1956, while representation even after men like them were the Sadat administration mainly acquiesced to granted political authority in 1922. (Sorbera, women's demands for economic rights. However, 2014.) Consequently, women organized the fundamental patriarchal principles and prominent associations such as the Egyptian women's conventional household responsibilities Feminist Union (founded by Huda Sha'rawi in persisted throughout both regimes. Consequently, 1923), group of Muslim women's organizations women's groups became associated with the (founded by Zaynab al-Ghazali in 1936), and the authoritative structure of the state, which ensured Sisters of the Nile Union (Bint al-Nil) (founded by that women's rights were integrated into a broader Doria Shafiq in 1948). During Gamal Abdel developmental objective headed by the state's Nasser's government, laws were enacted to place authoritarian regime. The reference is from Sika all civil society organizations under state and Khodary's work in 2012. During Mubarak's oversight, a period known as "State-feminism." presidency, an advantageous development was the https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei 74 THE USA JOURNALS THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-0811) VOLUME 06 ISSUE05 proliferation about groups that advocate for the events were primarily political, as they were rights of women. The "empowerment" of women coordinated by activist organizations who and the protection of their economic rights were dedicated their time, particularly on demonstration prioritized on a development-focused agenda, days, to provide inclusive public spaces for women despite the fact that the organizations had strong interested in engaging in political activities. contacts with individuals in positions of authority (Karam,1998) within the government. The contemporary women's rights movement in Furthermore, Abu-Lughod mentioned establishing Egypt is perceived as a challenge to patriarchal In the year 2000, the National Council for Women ideologies and an attempt to infuse Western values (NCW) was established with the purpose of into the nation. Women's rights groups are granting woman’s righhts. Suzanne Mubarak was currently faced with the task of untangling the appointed as the head of this council. The creation association of women's rights with politics, mainly of the NCW has been praised as a step forward in as represented by the NCW, while also addressing providing women greater liberties in their this mistake. An enduring conflict has persisted personal lives, especially considering the changes between the "deep state" and dissident factions. made to the Personal Status Laws. Regrettably, this The "deep state" frequently employs legislation acquired the label of the "Suzanne counterrevolutionary tactics that specifically aim to Mubarak laws," carrying a negative connotation. undermine women and disrupt gender dynamics. Therefore, instead of relying on widespread public There have been explicit attempts to suppress approval, the NCW's strong connections with the female demonstrators. The connection between government and religious establishments feminist and revolutionary movements is evident facilitated the enactment of this legislation. The through adopting politically charged vocabulary. It NCW, claiming to represent Egyptian women as a is hardly unexpected that activists and advocates whole, took control of women's advocacy and for women's rights get singled out in Egypt efforts. However, there was a shift from the following a recent counter-revolution that conventional focus on women's economic effectively strengthened the "deep state." empowerment through development, Political Feminist in Egyptian's history groups like the kifaya meanwhile (Enough) Among Egypt's history Badran said most notable Movement gained significant recognition. historical figures are the women who played Furthermore, it is widely recognized that women essential parts in Egyptian politics, society, and the played a prominent role in the increasing number sciences. Many Egyptian women have long of labor strikes between 2006 and 2007. Women advocated for gender parity in politics and the who chose to use their freedom to vote and workplace. To begin with, Hatshepsut ruled Egypt circulate freely in the city were subjected to for an unprecedented 21 years during the Paranoid discrimination and harassment during this period. era, a