INFECTIOUS ENDOCARDITIS, ITS CHALLENGES AND UPDATING THE DUKE CRITERIA: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Аннотация

INTRODUCTION disease, individuals who use injectable drugs, Infective endocarditis (IE) is an inflammatory patients who have undergone surgery to replace a process that affects the endocardium and also in native valve with a prosthetic valve, those who implantable cardiac devices, the septum between have been exposed to invasive procedures and the heart chambers(MESQUITA, et al., 2023), and people with a previous history of especially the heart valves, whether biological or endocarditis(CARVALHO LC, et al.m 2022). prosthetic, this process proceeds from infection by some microorganism, especially bacteria(SILVA et The clinical manifestations of IE are extremely al., 2023). Even though this pathology was first varied, including non-specific symptoms, isolated described more than 450 years ago by the French cardiac symptoms, and, in the most urgent cases, physician Jean François Fernel (FYE, 1997), it is signs of shock(CHIRILLO F, 2020). At the same still a complicated disease today (WILLIAMS, et al., time, in some patients, IE can progress silently, only 2021). appearing when there is congestive heart failure in progress(SILVA et al., 2023). However, some In the past, the group of individuals affected by IE patients may present extracardiac symptoms was made up mainly of young patients with few which, although uncommon, help to identify the comorbid conditions, such as those with congenital condition, such as signs of cutaneous or or rheumatic heart disease (SILVA et al., 2023). conjunctival hemorrhage, subcutaneous Osler However, due to the spread and development of nodules, Janeway lesions, localized peritonitis and broad-spectrum antimicrobials with better splenomegaly(YALLOWITZ AW and DECKER LC, bacterial characteristics, this patient profile has 2023). changed, giving prominence to elderly, clinically unstable individuals with multiple IE can be related to previous non-specific morbidities(SILVA et al., 2023). This has allowed infections, such as following a urinary tract Staphylococcus to replace Streptococcus as the infection or dental procedures(SILVA et al., 2023). most prevalent agent of IE(BIGNOTO T, 2023). In addition, bacterial adhesion can occur through medical equipment, such as procedural In general, all individuals can develop IE, however, instruments, valve prostheses, or some groups are more susceptible to being affected implantations(SANTOS JM, et al., 2020). Another by pathogens that cause the disease (SILVA et al., factor involved in the pathophysiology is the 2023). For example, children with congenital heart https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajiir 32 THE USA JOURNALS THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY INNOVATIONS AND RESEARCH (ISSN- 2642-7478) VOLUME 06 ISSUE05 interference of the coagulation cascade, which project to the Research Ethics Committee. causes hypercoagulability, stimulated by Initially, the titles and abstracts of the selected inflammatory processes(DARGAINS RR, 2022). articles were read. The articles were then read in This is why vegetation formation occurs, due to the full in the first stage. The following aspects of the deposition of fibrin and platelets, associated with selected studies were assessed: the impact factor of the inflammatory process(KAMDE SP and the journal in which the article was published; the ANJANKAR A,2022). results obtained and the period of publication. In 2023, the International Society of