THE MAIN FACTORS CAUSING PERIOSTITIS IN ELDERLY PATIENTS Bozorova Qizlarxon Tillavoldi qizi

Аннотация

This thesis analyzes the main risk factors leading to the development of periostitis — inflammation of the periosteum — of the upper and lower jaw bones in elderly patients. Physiological changes occurring in the body during old age, a decrease in the activity of the immune system, chronic infections, metabolic diseases (diabetes, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis), and long-term pharmacological treatment significantly increase the risk of periostitis. The results of the study show that in dental procedures performed on elderly patients, their general somatic condition, medication history, and oral hygiene status should be comprehensively taken into account. At the same time, regular preventive examinations, early diagnosis, and individual dental approaches play an important role in preventing severe complications of periostitis. Keywords: Periostitis, elderly patients, immunodeficiency, metabolic diseases, pharmacotherapy, oral hygiene, prevention. Main part Periostitis is a relatively uncommon pathology in elderly patients; however, when present, it typically demonstrates a more aggressive and chronic clinical progression compared to younger individuals. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are multifactorial, with immunosenescence—age-related decline in immune function—playing a pivotal role. As the immune response weakens in advanced age, the body’s ability to counteract infections and inflammation is significantly impaired, which facilitates the rapid spread and persistence of periosteal infections. Another critical factor is the reduction in osteogenic capacity due to age-related changes in bone metabolism. The regenerative potential of periosteal and osseous tissues diminishes with age, leading to delayed healing and increased vulnerability to inflammation. Scientific literature highlights the strong correlation between periostitis and chronic systemic diseases that are prevalent in the elderly, particularly metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and atherosclerosis. These conditions not only compromise vascular integrity and nutrient supply 273 May, 2025-Yil to the bone but also create a pro-inflammatory systemic environment that favors the progression of localized bone infections. Moreover, pharmacological factors contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of periostitis in older adults. Long-term administration of corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents—commonly prescribed for autoimmune diseases or post-transplant management—can lead to further immune suppression, increasing the individual’s susceptibility to bacterial colonization and infection of the periosteum. Oral health also plays a crucial role in the development of maxillofacial periostitis. Poor oral hygiene, often resulting from physical limitations or cognitive decline in elderly patients, creates an ideal environment for the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. Additionally, improperly fabricated or ill-fitting dental prostheses can cause chronic irritation and mucosal trauma, further predisposing the underlying periosteum to infection. Failure to address dental caries, periodontal disease, and apical infections in a timely manner often results in the spread of inflammation to deeper periodontal and osseous structures, culminating in periostitis. In summary, while periostitis may be less frequently diagnosed in the geriatric population, its occurrence is significantly influenced by a complex interplay of systemic, immunological, and local oral factors. Comprehensive assessment and management strategies tailored to the needs of elderly patients are essential to prevent severe complications and ensure effective treatment outcomes.