CAUSATIVE VERBS IN ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES

Аннотация

The article deals with the typological research on causative category in English and Karakalpak languages and represents causative semantics of both languages. Comparative analysis is done using the examples that were taken from literary text. Moreover, causative expression is distinguished by the fact that each language has its own means of expression, syntactic structures, lexical and grammatical forms. Key words: causative semantics, causative structure, syntactic, lexical, morphological Causatives semantically close in many languages, but structurally different. The causative semantic differentiation in Karakalpak language depends on certain morphological forms as in other Turkic languages. Mostly causative verbs are formed morphologically by adding affixes -t, -tır, -tir, -dır, -dir, -ır, -ir, -qız, -kiz, -ǵız, -giz, -qar, -ker in Karakalpak languages (P.Kurbanazarov 1984). Besides affixes, causative meaning is represented analytically using some auxiliary verbs. Although sufficient investigations have been done in both English and Karakalpak languages on the category of causality, a comparative-typological analysis of the semantic occurrence of this category still remains important. Changes in event structure in canonical causative structures are directly related to syntactic content. Therefore, in typological research there is a problem of identifying the main linguistic units that form the basis of a particular category and comparing it with this basis in another language. Typological works on the linguistic expression and semantic occurrence of the causative category (Nedyalkov 1969; Plungyan 2002: Shibatani 1976: Dixon 2000) contain comments on 339 the linguistic units that make up this category, as well as on the basis of this category. The interdependence of two or more actions, situations, events, expressed in the framework of causative structures, makes it possible to distinguish between direct and indirect semantic types. In both cases, there is a difference as a result of the physical or other influence of the causer or the causative argument on each other. In the action of the direct type of causality, the effect on the object, takes place on the basis of the desire, purpose of the causative subject. In this case, the movement occurs within the temporal reality and space. Indirect causative semantics is not built on the will of the causative subject. For example: (In English) The moster made the labourer slaughter the sheep. (In Karakalpak) Бирақ, оның менен ойнас болыўға мени сол ҳаялдың өзи мәжбүр қылды. (Бекимбетов А. Тууысқанлар 1978: 71) Translation: But, the lady herself made me be her lover. (Bekimbetov A. Relatives 1978: 71) The examples given above form causative structure in both languages. Causative structure made the labourer slaughter consists of causative verb, causator, causatee. In Karakalpak analytic form мени… мәжбүр қылды compose the causative structure. The causatives differ from the structures in terms of event structure, situation structure, syntactic point of view. In the given example, it consists of a causative (coercive) event and the actions of the causative, i.e., two sub- situations are formed. In this case, exposure to causality or movement observation is considered to depend on the behavior of the affected subject. It should be noted that in causative structures, the interdependence of two events is not always the same, the occurrence of the other under the influence of one, so in causal structures it is important to take into account the pragmatic content in determining the semantic differentiation of small events and actions. Hence, the occurrence of causative content in an event is more important than the presence or absence of grammatical factors in these structures. The causative expression in a particular inner reality is associated with a meaning that represents a clear lexical unit. In particular, make, force, get, have in English form directly emphasized causative realities. For example: (In English) a) M: Clara, the coloured maid, found the door locked at ten the next day, and they forced it open (O` Henry; 20); b) Joe and what made you ever upset (O`Henry 25); (In Karakalpak) c) — Жеңгеңниң көзи көрмей қалды, — деди Қаржаўбай аға мени қасына отырғызып атырып. (Муратбай Нызанов. 119); d) Алдындағы бир топар баспақтың шетке шыққанына жуўырыўы менен ети қызған мәҳәлде, тоңғанын умытып, қойнындағы нанының шетинен сындырып, аўзына салып гүйсейди (Т.Кайпбергенов 17 ). Translation: c) - Your sister’s-in-law become blind,+ - said Karjaubay brother letting me sit nearby him. (Nizanov M. 119) d) He forget being cold running after the herd of cattle in front of him which going aside and taking the bread from the pocket he broke a piece and chewed it putting into mouth. (Kaipbergenov T. 17) In these examples, (a) the causative meaning is the result of a causative wish, while in (b) the causative meaning is directed to the subject. The causator, on the other han