On the term and types of language universals

Аннотация

The article discusses the term of “language universals” referring to the history of language and works of modern scientists. Also it deals with the types of language universals in modern linguistics, Key words: various aspects of grammar, category of universals, language history, phenomenon It is known that universals in language have been of interest to linguists for a long time, as a clear evidence of this can be cited the efforts of European linguists in the field of creating a universal grammar in the 16th century. A. Arno and K. Lancelot's "Universal and Rational 118 Grammar" was written based on the universality of semantic categories in each concrete language. They cited the translation of the same sentence in several languages and considered their content as universal and considered the difference only in the forms of the sentences. [1]. "The theory of universal grammar correctly noted the possibility of extracting (or abstracting) a plan of content from the diversity of the world's languages, but no attention was paid to how this is explained, thanks to our characteristics of the various aspects (or “levels”) of the linguistic structure. The theory of "language universals" gained scientific status in the 60s of the last century. It is known that in April 1961 a special scientific conference dedicated to language universals was held in New York. At the conference, famous scientists J. Greenberg, C. Osgood, J. Jenkins expressed their clear ideas about language universals who spoke about the category of universals and their significance for language. They also gave a list of language universals known to them. Uspensky, Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky, I.F. Vardul, B. It was further developed by Serbrennikov, etc. Uzbek scientist G. Hashimov’s doctoral thesis on "Tipologiya slojnogo predlozheniya v raznostilnyx yazykah" (T. 2002), several universals regarding compound sentences were revealed. [1]. Today, the following types of language universals are mentioned: Absolute (absolute) universals. Such universals are expressed as simple participles of the form "All languages have or have ..." or "All languages have ...". Statistical universals. These are of the form "most languages have ...", or "most languages have ...". Implicational universals. Such universals are usually expressed in the form of a conditional clause: A). If there is X in the language, there is also Y. B). Whatever language has X, that language also has Y. V). A language that has X also has Y. G). Most languages with X also have Y. Ways of expressing implicative language universals B.A. Uspensky, J. Greenberg, J.B. It is shown in detail in Buronov's works. Diachronic universals (these universals are defined by J. Greenberg, C. Ostgood and J. Jenkins as follows. sr naprimer, tendency and symmetry phonological system)". [3]. Semantic universals. These universals include linguistic meanings that exist in all or most languages. For example: plural, singular, possessive tense and other meanings. Universals can have phonological (phonetic), grammatical morphological, syntactic and lexical sections according to language levels. Although the term "Language Universal" appeared recently, there were ideas about the existence of one or another linguistic phenomenon in all languages even earlier. For example, the categories defined by Aristotle. The ideas about word groups, which have long been considered universal, were also considered common to all languages in ancient grammars. As a result of the introduction of logitism into grammar, many phenomena were considered as phenomena of language and thought and they were emphasized as characteristic of all languages. [2].