ПАМЯТНИК ИШАН КАЛА ИМЕЕТ БОЛЬШОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ПО СВОЕМУ ВЛИЯНИЮ НА РАЗВИТИЕ И ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ КАРАКАЛПАКСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ

Аннотация

In this article, we have historically analyzed the Ishan kala monument, which has a great role in the widespread promotion of Karakalpak culture. In this research work, we have made effective use of many archives and scholarly articles. Key words: Ishan kala, religion, monuments, Khanate of Khiva, medrese. ПАМЯТНИК ИШАН КАЛА ИМЕЕТ БОЛЬШОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ПО СВОЕМУ ВЛИЯНИЮ НА РАЗВИТИЕ И ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ КАРАКАЛПАКСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ Аннотация. В данной статье мы исторически проанализировали памятник Ишан кала, играющий большую роль в широком распространении каракалпакской культуры. В своей исследовательской работе мы эффективно использовали множество архивов и научных статей. Ключевые слова: Ишан кала, религия, памятники, Хивинское ханство, медресе. In the middle of the 19th century, a number of political, economic and cultural changes took place in the life of the peoples of Central Asia. This change was primarily associated with the conquest of a vast territory of Central Asian lands by tsarist Russia. In the 19th century, the Bukhara, Khiva and Kokand khanates were inhabited by Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks and other peoples. Their main religion was Islam. Along with Islam, relics of pre-Islamic beliefs have been preserved in the spiritual life of peoples. The Islamic religion had a special influence on the spiritual and material life of the peoples of Karakalpakstan. The Karakalpak people had their own original material and spiritual culture. Chokan Valikhanov, studying the historical and spiritual life of the peoples of Central Asia, especially the Uzbeks, Karakalpaks, Kazakhs, Kirghiz, especially notes the poetic culture of the Karakalpak people, considering them to be the first songwriters and poets. This estimate refers to the middle of the 19th century, when the Russian Empire began its expansionist plans on the territory of Central Asia. The process of conquering the territory of Karakalpakstan by tsarism was not a voluntary annexation of the Karakalpaks, the entry of the Karakalpak people into Russia was carried out through military actions by the Russian Empire [1,112]. The culture of any people is estimated by the level of education. At all times, all peoples attached exceptional importance to knowledge and enlightenment. There is a proverb "Bilimli myndy jygady" ("The Enlightened One will conquer thousands of people"), which is widespread to this day, which originates from ancient times. The royal authorities after the conquest of the territory of Karakalpakstan were not interested in the widespread dissemination of public education. They did not attach due importance in the matter of public education. Tsarism was interested in keeping the people in darkness and ignorance. On the territory of Karakalpakstan, the 9 47 International scientific journal ISSN: 2181-3906 «MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH» 2024 VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 3 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ main educational institutions were mektebs and madrasahs. Compared to the madrasah, there were many mektebs - up to 600 mektebs. These were elementary schools that were in every village. These schools were the center of education, they gave the children knowledge on the basics of the Muslim religion Sharia. They studied religious books like "Haftiyak", "Sufi Allayar", "Sharkitab". The books were in Arabic and Persian. Schoolchildren studied the works of the classics of Uzbek and Persian literature Alisher Navoi, Bedil. Religious books were in all mosques, madrasas and mektebs. Numerous holy places "Tokmak ata", "Hakim ata", "Kabakly ata", "Sultan Wais Baba" had their own special book depositories[2, 56]. The Russian authorities, first of all, the first Governor-General of Turkestan K.N. Kaufman paid special attention to the study of the Russian language by local peoples, without which it would be difficult for the Russian authorities to pursue their colonial policy. Tsarism, as is known, set before itself the policy of Russification. That is why the tsarist authorities sought to open a school for the joint upbringing of Russian and Muslim children[2,49]. In 1873, a special commission was created to implement the colonial policy, which developed the basic provision on the organization of public education in the region. The provision clearly indicated the direction of public education, which was based on the interests of Russia, without any interference with the religious beliefs of the local population. Thus the principles in the position were carefully formulated. The provision provided for the goal of gradually ousting Muslim schools and replacing them with Russian ones. Muslim schools were to gradually lose their influence among the local population. In Turkestan, at the same time, mektebs and madrasahs were preserved, where joint education of local children with Russian children was provided[3,339]. Every Muslim had to give his children to the Mektebs when they were 5-6 years old. Each child was given special attention, great importance was given to independent learn