The art of translation

Аннотация

This artcle is about translation problems and their solutions, especially, in written form which was known as a literal translation. There is given several transformation techniques through the explanations and examples for them. Also, it covers lexical and grammatical problems in uzbek-english translation. Key words. Translation, transformation, borrowing, calque, metaphoric transformation, syntax, lexicon, grammar, language families. Translation is the source of communication and exchangeing information between two languages.It opens us the doors of unlimited knowledge in every field. From the past till today individuals were aware of masterpieces of foregn literature and universal discoveries only through it. According to Italo Calvino: “Without translation, I would be limited to the borders of my own country. The translator is my most important ally. He introduces me to the world"36. Translatior is someone who re-creates a new universe inside the author's work of art while turning it into other language. It is a complex and intricate task that requires deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as a profound knowledge of the subject matter being translated. The person who wants to translate one appropriate article to another language should be possessed high level linguistic abilities, including good range of vocabulary, grammar and syntax knowledge. His task is not only working on words or phrases, but also capturing the essence and subtleties of the source language. As Jorge Gonzalez Moore said: “The translator is the author’s accomplice”37. In order to stay in equal position with writer, translatior also should be artstic person who can express the same emotions like the hero of the book, even if there is no equivalents of the words that was told by character in target language. To deal with this problems translator should be flexible and creative. This skills, especially, would be demanded in literal form of translation, beacuse in this 36 https ://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Italo_Calvino 37 https ://prism.lib. asu. edu/collections/70186 146 “Media. Til va madaniyat. Tarjima” talabalar ilmiy-amaliy konferensiyasi - 2023 type, it really matters how meaning comes into, not formulation of part of speech. In this case, I am going to explore every avenue of literal translation and analyse it's problems which we might come across while translation process. Literal translation is the translation that reproduces communicatively irrelevant elements of the source text. This usually happens when the translator copies the source language form on this or that level of the language. When we work on uzbek-english translation, the main problem will be word order. Because this languages depended in two different language families. As conversation goes on, parts of speech changes its order in translated version of text. Noun becomes ajective or verb turns into object. This situation obligates us to change lexical and syntactical forms of words with keeping exactly the same meaning in target language. Another challenge is verb tense. Languages may have different ways of expressing past, present, and future actions. For instance, in English we have sixteen tenses while in Uzbek they are only three. It may cause lots of difficulties in terms of making compount and simple sentences. Another main challenges in translation is dealing with lexical problems. These problems arise when there are words or terms in the source language that do not have a direct equivalent in the target language. Translators must find creative solutions to accurately convey the meaning of these words while considering the cultural and linguistic context. As an example I am going to show several problematic situations and their solutions from the book of " Alice in wonderland". The book starts like that: "Once upon a time..." Fairy tales which we used to listen intently in our childhood usually began with these words and come to an end like this: "... and their dreams come true"35. And let's see it's translated form. "Bor ekanda yo'q ekan..." bolaligimizda jon qulog'imiz bilan tinglaganimiz ertaklar, odatda shunday boshlanib, "... murod maqsadiga yetibdi" qabilida tugardi. First of all, translator used several types of transformation techniques in order to keep cultural and ideomatic equalaty. If we translate the phrase of " Once upon a time" word by word, it will be " Bir payt" or " paytlardan biri" in uzbek. But our national fairy 147 “Media. Til va madaniyat. Tarjima” talabalar ilmiy-amaliy konferensiyasi - 2023 tales never starts like that. Instead, we use some unchangeble lexical unities. So in these case, translator used one of them and made metaphoric transformation. Also, in original text, there was written "... and their dreams come true". Again, translator used our national fairy tale ending phrase "murod- maqsadiga yetibdi". Because if we translate original form straightly, in Uzbek it sounds like "... va ularning or