Mechanisms of stereotyping: conclusions, errors, inductive and deductive thinking

Аннотация

American scientist W. Lippman characterized a stereotype as a small "picture of the world" that a person stores in the brain in order to save the effort required to perceive more complex situations. In this article, we will discuss the presence and influence of stereotypes in intercultural communication, mechanisms of stereotyping, and acknowledge that stereotypes, whether true or false, play a role in maintaining social standing and preparing individuals for encounters with different cultures. Key words: stereotypes, society, stereotyping, social, intercultural communication. Stereotyping is the process of forming a perception of a person based on stereotypes developed by a group. Stereotypes can be used to quickly and easily create a complete representation by attributing characteristics to an object based on pre- existing ideas and expectations. It is a useful tool of social cognitive cognition of the world, but does not always reflect objective reality. According to H. Tejfel, stereotypes fulfill the functions of selecting social information, creating a positive image of "I", forming a group ideology and creating a positive image of "We". However, the social situations in which stereotypes are formed change faster than stereotypes themselves, affecting the group's relations with others and the individual's relations with others. Stereotypes also have various features such as projection effect, averaging effect, first impression effect and others. Stereotypes consist of cognitive, emotional and behavioral components. There are many stereotypes in society related to gender, nationality, religion and other characteristics. Formation and use of stereotypes is related to the work of the second signaling system, which includes 3 phases: perception, response seeking and identification. This chain does not always correspond to reality. Stereotypes are widely accepted in society and are often related to gender, nationality, religion and other characteristics. A few common statements: a woman building a career is unsuccessful personally. All women want to get married and men do not. Women are monogamous and men are polygamous. Germans are very 104 “Media. Til va madaniyat. Tarjima” talabalar ilmiy-amaliy konferensiyasi - 2023 punctual and responsible. The English are phlegmatic. Russians are a nation of drunkards. All doctors have illegible handwriting. These statements are categorical and refer to a whole group of people or a nation, but often do not correspond to reality. The process of stereotype formation includes 3 phases: perception of external stimuli, comparison with existing images in memory and identification. Stereotypes serve to simplify and systematize information, but do not always reflect reality. They also contribute to social identity and intergroup differences. Low-social groups may adopt negative autostereotypes about themselves and positive heterostereotypes about other groups. Stereotypes explain existing relations between groups and justify them. According to T.G. Grushevitskaya, V.D. Popkov, A.P. Sadokhin, the following functions of stereotypes are of particular importance for the process of intercultural communication: 1) transmission of relatively reliable information; 2) orienting function; 3) influence on the creation of reality. The function of transmitting relatively reliable information is based on the generalization processes that occur when observing the extraordinary, conspicuous, unusual behavior and way of thinking of members of another cultural group. When people encounter representatives of a foreign culture, they begin to generalize, organize, classify new information, highlight the most characteristic features of this culture. The orienting function is that with the help of stereotyping, it is possible to create a simplified matrix of the surrounding world, in the cells of which, based on stereotypes, certain social groups are "placed". This fact allows you to quickly differentiate people into groups based on stereotypical signs, expecting certain behavior from them. The function of influencing the creation of reality is that with the help of stereotypes it is possible to clearly distinguish one's own and someone else's ethnic groups. Stereotyping allows you to make an evaluative comparison of someone else's and your own groups and thereby protect the traditions, views, values of your group. 105 “Media. Til va madaniyat. Tarjima” talabalar ilmiy-amaliy konferensiyasi - 2023 However, it is crucial to acknowledge that stereotypes can also be harmful and lead to prejudice, discrimination, and misunderstandings. They can perpetuate biases and reinforce negative attitudes towards certain groups of people. Stereotypes are often based on generalizations and are not accurate representations of individuals within a particular group. It is essential to approach stereotypes with caution and not to rely solely on them when interacting with individuals from different cultures. It is impo