КУЛЬТУРНАЯ СВЯЗЬ И ЭКВИВАЛЕНТНЫЕ СЛОВА, КОТОРЫМ НЕ ХВАТАЕТ СЛОВ

Аннотация

This article deals about culture-bond words and non-equivalent words and the ways of translate them, also, peculiarities that facing in translating. Approaches of teaching culture-bond words different types of them are the essence of this article. Key words: culture-bond words, non-equivalent words, problems in translation process, untranslatable expressions, appropriate equivalent terms. КУЛЬТУРНАЯ СВЯЗЬ И ЭКВИВАЛЕНТНЫЕ СЛОВА, КОТОРЫМ НЕ ХВАТАЕТ СЛОВ Аннотация. В данной статье речь идет о культурно-связывающих словах и безэквивалентных словах и способах их перевода, а также об особенностях, с которыми приходится сталкиваться при переводе. Подходы к обучению культурно-связывающим словам различных их видов составляют суть данной статьи. Ключевые слова: слова, связанные с культурой, безэквивалентные слова, проблемы в процессе перевода, непереводимые выражения, соответствующие эквивалентные термины. The untranslatable expression is one of the problems in translation process. Because of the untranslatable expressions, the translator cannot find the appropriate equivalent terms. fully transferred and target reader cannot accept it. As the consequence, the author’s message is not completely. One of the untranslatable expressions is culturally bound-expression. Newmark divides cultural language into two i.e. universal and personal languages. The words die, live, star, swim, mirror and table are universal language. Meanwhile, the words monsoon, steppe, dacha, and tagliatelle are cultural words. There will be a problem in translating cultural words due to the cultural gap or distance between the source and target languages. Further, Newmark (1998: 95) says that most cultural words are easy to detect, since they are associated with a particular language and cannot be literally translated where literal translation would distort the meaning. From Newmark’s explanation it is clear that cultural word is a word in particular language that brings cultural value which does not exist or differ from other languages. When a cultural word is translated, it is possible that the cultural value will change. Culturally bound concepts are those words, concepts, or phrases that cannot be understood by persons outside of a culture without the addition of contextual information. For example, non- deaf people who are unfamiliar with Deaf people and their language use will not understand the importance of a deaf identity, the role of ASL in the Deaf Community, the value for schools for the deaf and other related concepts. Likewise, Deaf people may find it difficult to understand the value of sound. Some examples are the radio, Top 40 Countdowns, the differences in Jazz, Rock 1 28 2 International scientific journal ISSN: 2181-3906 «MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH» 2024 VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 1 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ and Roll, the Blues, and other types of music, as well as other cultural identifiers such as Baby Boomers, The Flower Children, The X Generation, and other cultural identifiers. These activities are designed to increase your awareness of these concepts and to practice more effective ways of interpreting them so they will be understood to “outsiders.” Culture-bound words are generally rendered in the borrowing language through transcription, transliteration and calque translation: авеню, sputnik, Статуя Свободы. As compared with transcription and transliteration, calques are more convenient. But at the same time, calques can be misinterpreted by a receptor. For example an English calque from the Chinese Red Guard, meaning ‘a member of an activist pro-Maoist youth movement in China, is far more convenient than its transcription counterpart Hongwei Bing. However, a Russian receptor can easily confuse this calque with another one, referring to the Russian revolution: красногвардеец, whereas this word is known in Russian as a transcription borrowing: хунвэйбин. There are cases when a translator resorts to calque translation without thinking thoroughly of the meaning of a culture-bound word or, worse, without understanding it. An explicatory translation reveals a culture-bound word meaning in full: Bride price — payment made by a man to the family from whom he takes a daughter in marriage, Expatriate — someone who has left his home country to live and work in another country, xenophobia — belief that people and things from other countries are dangerous. зарплата = annual bonus payment; breadline = очередь безработных за бесплатным питанием. Explication of culture-bound words can be made in commentaries (both in-text and after-text), and in footnotes. The disadvantage of in-text notes is that they distract a receptor’s attention from the main text. However, after-text commentaries are not for a “lazy” reader. So the most convenient, probably, are footnotes which save a reader’s time and effort. Culturally-bound expressions are difficult to be translated. It occurs because the cultural ideology between one region and another is different.