Конкретизация при переводе текстов с английского на узбекский

Аннотация

Concretization or specification is one of the widely used methods of translation. This is because finding exact equivalents with the same meaning in different languages can be difficult or impossible. The articles explores various types of concretization in the context, and analyzes their functions in translating texts from English into Uzbek. Key words: source text, concretization, abstract words, desemantized words, transformations, lexical transformation, grammatical replacements, generalizing words, equivalence. Аннотация. Конкретизация или уточнение – один из широко используемых методов перевода. Это связано с тем, что найти точные эквиваленты с одинаковым значением в разных языках может быть сложно или невозможно. В статье рассматриваются различные виды конкретизации в контексте, анализируются их функции при переводе текстов с английского языка на узбекский. Ключевые слова: исходный текст, конкретизация, абстрактные слова, десемантизированные слова, трансформации, лексические трансформации, грамматические замены, обобщающие слова, эквивалентность. Some groups of lexical units require concretization in translation. This is due to the difference in the proportion between abstract and desemantized words on the one hand and concrete words on the other in the Source and Target languages. Abstract words in English distinctly fall into several groups: 1. Numerous nouns formed by specific suffixes of abstract meaning. Many such nouns have no counterparts in the Uzbek language, e.g. ministership, presidency, electorate, statehood, etc. 2. Abstract words which have no equivalents in Uzbek, the so-called lacuna, such as exposure, occupant (unless as a military term). 3. Generalizing words having equivalents in Uzbek but differing in usage, e.g. man, woman, creature, person. 575 “Arab tili globallashuv davrida: innovatsion yondoshuvlar va o‘qitish metodikasi” mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman 4. Words of wide meaning which require concretization in translation, some words of this group are on the way to becoming desemantized, e.g. place, piece, stuff, affair, etc. 5. Words of wide meaning which in fact have become partly deictic signs: -thing, -body (something, somebody). Words belonging to the first group require lexical and grammatical replacements by words possessing a concrete meaning: Eng: C.P. Snow resigned from his ministership because he did not like the way the Labor Government was developing. Uz: Charlz Snou leyboristlar hukumatining amaldagi siyosatini yoqtirmagani uchun vazirlik lavozimini tark etdi. The abstract noun “ministership” is rendered by a concrete noun (post) with adjective. Eng: An aging Speaker cannot take the burdens of the presidency (in case of the president’s and vice-president’s assassination). Uz: Qarigan ma’ruzachi prezidentlik og‘irligini ko‘tara olmaydi. The abstract noun “presidency” is rendered by means of a concrete noun with an adjective as in the preceding example. Every form of pressure and violence is used by reactionary regimes to compel a reluctant electorate to go to the polls. Reactionary regimes use all forms of pressure and violence to force recalcitrant voters to take part in elections. Puerto Rico may launch a drive for US statehood. Perhaps Puerto Rico will start a campaign to become a US state. The abstract word “statehood” is concretized by means of an adverbial subordinate clause of purpose. Words of abstract meaning which for some reason or other have no equivalents in the Uzbek language are translated by some concrete word determined by the context. Their meaning is usually conveyed with the help of replacements or additions. It should be borne in mind that in this case the use of the same parts of speech is of no relevance. Eng: He was heavily built. Uz: Uning tanasi og‘ir. Lit: U qattiq qurilgan. The role and the significance of the context is well illustrated by the following example, the translation of which is determined by the macro context. Eng: Two of the shipwrecked seamen died of exposure. Uz: Kema halokatga uchragan dengizchilardan ikkitasi halok bo‘ldi (sovuqdan yoki issiqdan). Eng: It was a good solid house built to withstand time and exposure. Uz: Bu vaqt va ob-havo ta’siriga dosh berishga mo‘ljallangan yaxshi, mustahkam uy edi. 576 “Arab tili globallashuv davrida: innovatsion yondoshuvlar va o‘qitish metodikasi” mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman Eng: Willa, the canary, had flown away. But now there was a vigorously alive little occupant. (D.Eden). Uz: Kanareyka Villa uchib ketdi, lekin uning o‘rniga qafasda juda jonli va har doim quvnoq qush bor edi. Generalizing words such as man, woman, child, creature etc. which do not have equivalents in Uzbek but which differ in usage are concretized either by a proper name, the name of the breed (dog, cat) or some concrete word according to the context. Eng: “Anything”, Benjamin said, falling into a highbacked chair across from the man’s kingly desk. Uz: Nima bo‘lganda ham, – dedi Benjamin,