Neologisms as a linguistic phenomenon and their interpretation in modern linguistics

Аннотация

The article deals with current problems of neology. It is the lexical system of the language, being the most flexible and mobile, that is constantly changing along with the development of the language community, enriching itself with new lexical units and reflecting current social trends. New words that have appeared in the language in the last few years have become the object of study of this article. Particularly, different points of view of domestic linguists on the main object of this science - neologism and the criteria for its selection as a unit are presented. Key words: neologism, language development, linguistic changes, spheres of functioning New words - neologisms - come from every domain and aspect of life, and here relies the importance of tracking them. Language and academic institutions, scholars, translators, terminologists are constantly keeping up with them, and it is not difficult to find good resources plenty of useful information and new words. The About Words blog is a very good resource that collects words and expressions which have just started to be used among English speakers and may be added to the Cambridge English Dictionary. Another helpful source are the recent updates to the Oxford English Dictionary, which are updated four times a year and include entries coming from many different backgrounds. But what draws the attention is the increasing number of colloquial, humorous or Internet words that are being added. As an example of these latter, some new OED entries are LOL (Laughing out Loud), YOLO (‘You Only Live Once"), Ha-Ha-Ha and selfie, among a never-ending list. In the scientific community, where English is the predominant language for 177 Topical issues of language training in the globalized world published research and studies, like-sounding translations (referred to as 'naturalization') are sometimes used [Linder, 2016]. Alternatively, the English word is used along with a brief explanation of meaning. The four translation methods are emphasized in order to translate neologisms: transliteration and transcription, the use of analogues, calque and loan translation.3 When translating from English to other languages, the naturalization method is most often used. The most common way that professional translators translate neologisms is through the Think aloud protocol (TAP), wherein translators find the most appropriate and natural sounding new word through speech. This way, translators are able to use potential translated neologisms in sentences and test them with different structures and syntax. Correct translations from English for specific purposes into other languages is crucial in various industries and legal systems [Liu, 2014]. Inaccurate translations can lead to ‘translation asymmetry’ or conceptual misunderstandings which can lead to miscommunication Many technical glossaries of English translations exist to combat this issue in the medical, judicial, and technological fields. During the analysis of lexical neologisms within the communicative and pragmatic approach, we assume also the consideration of the typology of pragmatic parameters (rules) of language differentiation. Under the pragmatic rules we have in mind the following parameters: 1) the type of discourse; 2) the type of communicative act; 3) communicative orientation of discourse; 4) the social status of the communicants [Rey, 1995]. Language neologisms development is determined, in our opinion, by the absence of the addressants of such units in the lexicon. Accordingly, language neologisms in journalistic discourse are created as a manifestation of a certain communicative intention, and not as a unit, intentionally created to supplement the vocabulary of the language [Pimakhina, 1991]. The study of the communicative intential meaning of lexical units as a result of reflection of the essence of communicative action 3 "The Translation of English Neologisms". Terminology Coordination Unit [DGTRAD]. European Parliament. 22 June 2015. 178 Topical issues of language training in the globalized world with substantiality and structural properties of lexical units and seems to be the subject of study of language neologisms of lexical units in communicative- pragmatic aspect [Pimakhina, 1992]. The emergence of neologisms is determined, especially in the initial period of their existence, by the sphere of their usage, the emergence of trends such as the language preservation trends and development trends. The study of reviewed scientific directions for neology has revealed a large number of different interpretations and classifications of new vocabulary of modern English language V.I. Zabotkina [1989] and others. In the aspect of the classification parameters of the new vocabulary of the English language it seems to us that the most effective classification is by proposed by V.I. Zabotkina, in which: 1) the actual neologisms (form novelty combined with the content novelty; 2) transnomination (form novelty of the w