Создание английских корпусов: исторический обзор

Аннотация

The emergence of corpus linguistics was preceded by a centuries old period of the use corpus methods and the creation of text corpora. In connection with the non-electronic form of storage of these corpora, as well as non-automatic methods of data processing, a special period in the history of corpus linguistics called pre-electronic can be distinguished. With the invention and widespread use of computers, a new stage of development corpus linguistics begins – the created corpora differ from the old ones not only in the storage format, but also in volume. Second-generation corpora are the products of the Internet and are distinguished by their large size. The third generation corpora are large and have many technological advantages. In this period, a number of new corpora were created, with a total volume of several billion words. KEY WORDS: corpus, concordance, pre-electronic era, computer, generation, modern, megacorpus. Swedish writer and linguist J.Svartvik declares that in the “A Concordance to the Complete Poems and Plays by T. the history of corpora making there was the first so-called S. Elliot” (Dawson, 1995)3. “Stone Age” or pre-computer period, when corpora were In addition to concordances, large samples of texts created by hand on paper1. These first paper corpora were were also used to create early grammar books. Early grammar essentially concordances, that is, alphabetical lists of words in of the English language was also based on the classical their contextual surroundings. The creation of such paper tradition to use quotes from real texts, for instance, “A Short corpus concordances was time-consuming and required Introduction to English Gramma” by Robert Lowes (1762). strenuous analysis, which was done by hand. Paper corpora One of the most famous grammars of this period was the played a significant role in linguistic projects such as the seven-volume work of Jespersen (1909-1949), “A Modern concordance of the Bible and literary works as well as the English Grammar on Historical Principles” and was also built writing of grammars and dictionaries. exclusively on examples selected from a huge number of texts. The first concordance was compiled in the thirteenth Otto Jespersen belonged to that type of linguists who were century by Friar Anthony of Padua for the fifth-century Latin convinced, that the linguistic description should be based not version of the “Vulgate” Bible. This concordance was called on fictional, but on real examples from real speech texts. The “Concordantiae Morales”. tendency to cite literary works as examples with grammatical The first important work among English-language rules continued in grammars of the late 19th and mid-20th concordances was “A Concordance to Shakespeare: Suited to centuries by such authors as J. Ruhl, H. Poutsma, and Ch. All the Editions” by A. Beckett (1787) and is an important Fries. However, not all grammarians followed this tradition. work in the development of corpus linguistics. It contains, Studies of large texts have also been carried out with information about the place of use of a particular word (play, a view to dictionaries. Starting with Samuel Johnson's act and action) and passage of a work in which a certain word Dictionary (1755), lexicographers used quotations from texts is used2. by famous writers to illustrate the meanings and usage of The tradition of composing concordances by hand for words. The lexicographer collected 150,000 illustrative fiction works was preserved until 1995 and was implemented quotations for the 40000 words dictionary. The Oxford in the following works: “The Concordance to Conrad's The English Dictionary (OED), which was created under the Secret Agent by Conrad” (Bender, 1979), “A Concordance to direction of James Murray (1880), was based on a corpus of Henry James's Daisy Miller by Henry James” (Bender, 1987), five million card quotes4. 3 Tribble C. What are concordances and how are they used // 1 Svartvik, J. Corpus linguistics 25+ years on / J.Svartvik. – The Routledge handbook of corpus linguistics / ed. by A. Amsterdam, NY 2007. – P. 11-27 O'Keeffe, M. McCarthy. 2010. P. 167–183. 2 Beckett, A. A Concordance to Shakespeare: Suited to all the 4 O'Keeffe, A. & McCarthy, M.'Historical perspective: What Editions. Printed for G.G.J. and J. Robinson, 1787. 167-183 p. are corpora and how have they evolved?'. The Routledge 2023 EPRA IJMR | http://eprajournals.com/ | Journal DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2013-------------------------------------------------------------------------78 ISSN (Online): 2455-3662 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal Volume: 9| Issue: 4| April 2023|| Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor 2023: 8.224 || ISI Value: 1.188 At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, several conversations of British English speakers. This corpus is small projects were organized to collect empirical material for in size at 300,000 words