Реставрация архитектурного наследия конца 19 – начала 20 века в Самарканде

Аннотация

The article is devoted to the formation and development of architectural eclecticism in Central Asia, as well as to the conservation and restoration of the architectural heritage of the late 19th - early 20th centuries on the example of the cities of Uzbekistan. Annotatsiya: Maqolada Orta Osiyoda eclectic arxitekturaning shakllanishi va rivozhlanishi, shuningdek XIX asr oxiri - XX asr boshlaridagi arxitekturaviy merosni Uzbekiston shaharlari misolida konservatsiyasi va restavratsiyasi masalalari ko’rib chiqilgan. Аннотация: Статья посвящается вопросам становления и развития архитектурного эклектизма в Средней Азии, а также вопросам реставрации и восстановления архитектурного наследия конца ХIХ - начала XX вв. на примере городов Узбекистана. Key words: Architecture, eclecticism, restoration, repair, restoration. Kalit so’zlar: Arxitektura, Eklektizm, restavratsiya, ta’mirlash, kayta tiklash. Ключевые слова: Архитектура, эклектика, реставрация, ремонт, восстановление. In the last third of the 19th century, the Russian Empire conquered most of the territory of Central Asia. As a result, significant socio-economic and political changes have taken place in the region. The first railway in the history of the region was built to deliver cotton grown in the region and other agricultural products to the central cities of Russia for their further processing. In such cities as Tashkent, Samarkand, Kokand, Margilan and others, according to the projects of Russian architects and engineers, the so-called "new cities" were designed and built, according to the radial-beam scheme. In the center of the new town-planning structure, on the border with the old "Asian city", there was a fortified fortress with a military garrison of the Russian army. The radial - beam structure of cities allowed the Russian administration to keep the entire city under its control, and if necessary, the military had the opportunity to quickly respond to threats from the local population. In the cities, the design and construction of railway stations, plants for the primary processing of agricultural products and minerals, buildings for banks and other commercial enterprises, printing houses and schools of a new type began. Russian architects and engineers designed residential and public buildings according to Russian standards, taking into account local natural and climatic conditions, as well as the cultural traditions of the region. At the same time, the new administration and the advanced part of the Russian population who resettled in the region began to study and restore the rich architectural and cultural heritage of the region [1]. When determining the features of the architecture of buildings and complexes erected in the late 19th - early 20th centuries by Russian engineers and architects in the cities of Central Asia, special attention should be paid to stylistic features. These features allow us to determine the methods of restoration work on these monuments today. It is known that during the restoration of architectural monuments in European countries, comparative modeling and graphic methods were often used. With this method, the reliability of the restoration work was based on archival research. Factual methods in the form of a practical study of the object and the study of historical sources make it possible to apply a systematic approach to restoration objects [2]. The analytical method of research involves different ways of comparing restored objects and methods for their restoration. Some of the research methods also focus on the religious approach when considering the buildings of the two main religions - Islam and Christianity. The reconstruction of architectural monuments in Central Asia at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century developed in the presence of a new Christian religion in the region, during a period of change in traditional methods of placement and construction of residential and public buildings. The foregoing was taken into account when determining the features of Russian architecture in Uzbekistan. Examples of a number of architectural monuments that were restored and renovated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, such as madrasahs, mosques, banks, palaces, traditional residences, as well as various shrines, reflect the methods that were known to local craftsmen. For example, in Samarkand during the time of the Russian Empire, during the restoration of buildings, the main types of space-planning schemes of the architecture of the dwelling were taken into account according to the following criteria [3]: -closed type of house with a square plan; - gallery type house; - courtyard house; - a house with a central hall; - combined house. In 1865-1891, during the reign of the Russian administration, local architectural monuments were studied and reviewed as a whole. For example, when studying architectural monuments in Samarkand, political, social and economic conditions for construction activitie