Study gratitude expressions in karakalpak and english languages

Аннотация

This article deals with examining research into the concept of “gratitude” using the example of English and Karakalpak languages, and also examines the lexico- phraseological meaning in both languages and compares the characteristics of the perception of the concept by representatives of various communicational situations. Key words: gratitude, communicational situations, thank you, rahmet, speech genre. Before delving into a detailed examination of the nuances of expressing gratitude in English, it is essential to uncover the essence of the concept of gratitude. The word «gratitude» signifies «giving good,» that is, performing acts of kindness. This term implies a sense of appreciation in response to the kindness of others, corresponding feelings that arise within a person’s soul. Often, when doing well, we expect to receive something in return. Moreover, we feel hurt when we do not hear even a simple word of thanks in response. Let us consider the definition of the concept of gratitude in an explanatory dictionary: gratitude implies a sense of appreciation, a desire to repay someone for a favor, service, or charity. In both English and Karakalpak, gratitude is expressed for various actions and services, for compliments, for assistance provided, for borrowing something, for an offer, for a gift, for a wish, for treating, for a pleasant event. Additionally, gratitude can serve as an extended greeting [1: 34]. Speech genres of gratitude represent one type of etiquette genres. This group includes apologies, congratulations, and condolences. The main features of the gratitude genre are that verbal responses to events in the social world are determined by etiquette rules and employ various means of expression. Various lexical-semantic and grammatical indicators are used to convey the category of gratitude. Gratitude is primarily expressed through the speech genre of gratitude, which constitutes a form of etiquette expression, capable of being both verbal and non-verbal. The communicative goal of expressing gratitude is to demonstrate the speaker’s appreciation for the help or service provided by the interlocutor. Simultaneously, gratitude serves as an expression of the author’s emotional state and is a means of influencing the emotions of the recipient. By expressing gratitude, the speaker not only acknowledges the assistance but also conveys a positive attitude towards the addressee [2: 37]. Determining factors for expressing gratitude include the nature of the situation, social characteristics of the participants, and the magnitude of the kindness received. All of these aspects stimulate expressions of gratitude and shape the nature of relationships between communication participants. In the speech genre of gratitude, both the author and the addressee are necessarily present, and these pragmatic parameters are among the 306 XXI CENTURY RENAISSANCE IN THE PARADIGM OF SCIENCE, EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS most crucial genre-forming characteristics. The author of gratitude may hold an explicit or implicit position, directly influencing the identification of the speaker [3: 127]. The addressee is identified by dependent forms, meaning they are the one being thanked. Addressing is possible within expressions of gratitude. The nuances of using gratitude as a communicative tool are determined by the requirements of speech etiquette. The peculiarities of expressing gratitude are always nationally specific. The nature of expressing gratitude allows for the identification of information about the character of status relationships in the corresponding culture and defines the specificity of address in the Russian language. Both the author and the addressee can have any status: equality and differences are possible based on this criterion. The likelihood of expressing gratitude depends significantly on both communication participants. The category of gratitude is largely influenced by the ability or inability to adhere to politeness rules, as well as pragmatic parameters such as gender, age of the participants, the degree of their closeness, and certain individual characteristics. However, in cases where the author considers themselves indebted to the addressee, a leveling of relationships occurs between the author and the addressee. In this scenario, the author’s speech behavior reveals that the speaker is familiar with etiquette rules, can correctly assess the actions of the addressee, and can choose the necessary etiquette stereotype and communication style. In situations of equal status between the speaker and the person who performed a kind deed and is being thanked, the possibility of the speaker expressing gratitude in that situation largely depends on their individual qualities [4: 89]. The results of a small-scale survey are of particular interest. The majority of respondents noted that when purchasing something, they expect the seller to thank them. If they are not thanked, they perceive it as a negative