Intonation as a separate area in english and russian linguistics

Аннотация

The article deals with problem of intonation in the English and Russian languages. There the importance of stress and speech melodics of two languages is considered. Key words: intonation, rate, stress, tone, rhythm, timbre, intonology, phrasal stress, logical stress, intensity of speech. The problem of intonation, being an organic part of linguistics, has been of constant interest throughout its centuries-old development. I.P. Susov is right when he believes that “the scientific study of language will not be complete if the problems of historical changes in the lexicon, in the grammatical structure, in the organization of the sound system of the language remain aside” [1]. The need and importance of mastering intonation for a foreign language learner is obvious. Intonation always begins in oral speech, expressing both its semantic and expressive sides. It should be noted that the problem of intonation was originally the object of study by theorists of oratory back in ancient times. Laying the foundations of oratory, orators of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome wrote about intonation. In their works, which have survived to this day, a speech melody is described, its difference from a musical one is determined, the rhythm, tempo, pauses, and the division of the importance of the flow of speech into semantic parts are characterized. In the field of linguistics, one of the first to study the problem of intonation was the English scientist George Hart, who in 1551 published the first book on the melody of English speech, distinguishing 6 types of word stress. In his work, the linguist paid special attention to phrasal stress, a description of the rules of punctuation, differentiated the intonations of interrogative and exclamatory sentences, and for the first time provides information about phrasal units. It was George Hart who first wrote about the melody of speech, which is now called the “descending tone.” His work contributed to further discussions and the establishment of intonology as a separate field of linguistics [2, 182- 185]. In 1755, M.V. Lomonosov published his work “Russian Grammar”, in which he attached great importance to the problem of intonation. In the chapter “On the Voice,” first of all, he writes about the great gift that nature has endowed man with – hearing and voice. Lomonosov is surprised by how many different ideas are perceived by sight, “but one should hardly be less amazed at the unfortunate multitude of them, acceptable through hearing.” This is how the author formulates about the endless possibilities of intonation, its richness and diversity. 238 XXI CENTURY RENAISSANCE IN THE PARADIGM OF SCIENCE, EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS Interest in the problem of intonation increased in the second half of the twentieth century. By this time, the attention of scientists was focused on the structure of intonation and its components. A discussion of the problems of intonation is contained in works on general linguistics and general phonetics, textbooks and teaching aids on phonetics and a number of actively studied intonation languages. In our opinion, the collective monograph “Intonation” seems valuable, which clearly reflects the problems of intonation studies of the Russian language in the 70s of the twentieth century. A number of chapters of this book, in particular those written by I.G. Torsueva, E.A. Bryzgunova, T.M. Nikolaeva, A.I. Bagmut, A.M. Antipova, are devoted to general issues of the theory of intonation, where the authors propose various ways solutions to its most important problems. The problem of the theory of intonation received the most complete coverage in the monograph “The Phonological Method in Intonation.” Thus, E.A. Bryzgunova defines the essence of the concept of “intonation”, regarding it as a complex complex of expressive means of speech, including melody, tempo, pauses, stress and timbre [4, 279]. Unlike E.A. Bryzgunova, L.G. Zubkov, in a narrower sense, intonation is understood as the rhythmic and melodic side of the utterance, which is a rise and fall of the voice that occurs on stressed and unstressed syllables [5, 528]. Most linguists believe that intonation is a set of prosodic elements of speech, such as: tone - the melody of speech, carried out by raising and lowering the voice in a phrase; rhythm of speech - alternation of stressed and unstressed, long and short syllables; speech intensity - the strength and weakness of pronunciation associated with the strengthening and weakening of exhalation; tempo of speech - the speed or slowness of speech over time and pauses between speech segments; phrasal and logical stress - stress that serves as a means of highlighting speech segments or individual words in a phrase. Of no small importance is the method proposed by E.A. Bryzgunova for describing intonation in the Russian language using the concept of “intonation structure” (IC), associated with distinguishing the meaning of statements with the same syntact