The use of prepositions in expressing the syntactic attitude in the sentence

Аннотация

The advancement of human civilization entails the advancement of each of its distinct cultures and, by extension, every language spoken within them. This study delves into the phenomenon of linguistic borrowing, particularly within the context of the English language, 65 examining its underlying causes and defining the concept itself. Numerous scholars have explored the topic of borrowing, emphasizing its enduring relevance and noting its escalating significance as the dynamics of the borrowing process continue to evolve over time. Keywords: linguistic borrowing, cognate languages, assimilation, communication, term. The development of society occurs thanks to the development of all its constituent cultures, and, accordingly, all languages. Cultures borrow phenomena, concepts and languages from each other, thus enriching the culture and language of the people. Borrowing is a process that results in the emergence and fixation of foreign language elements in a language. This is an essential component of the functioning of a language and its historical evolution, being one of the main resources for enriching vocabulary. It is also an independent component of the language, which is part of its lexical abundance, serving as the basis for new roots, word-forming components and precise terms. Borrowing in linguistics plays a key role in the development of languages. The process of borrowing is the basis of linguistic activity. Sound and formal uniformity within one language indicates borrowing by some individuals from others. Borrowing elements of the vocabulary of one language into another language is carried out in a similar way - through communicative exchange between speakers. The percentage of borrowings in languages is very large, but it is impossible to calculate their exact number due to the constant development of languages, as well as the increase in the number of foreign elements appearing in the language. Assimilation also makes it difficult to establish the origins of a particular word. In any language the following groups can be distinguished: - words present in languages of the same language family; - words common to a group, subgroup of related languages; - native words of a particular language; - borrowed words. Here are some examples from English: - Indo-European words (characteristic of many languages): mother, brother, meat, be, stand; - Germanic words: say, see, white, winter; - West Germanic words: age, ask, give, love, south; - original English: lady, lord, boy, girl; - from related languages: knight, low, flat, sale (from Old Norse), rummer, napper, fitter (from Dutch); - from another language system: sputnik, steppe, taiga (from Russian), epoch, echo (from Greek). This classification is generally accepted, but it cannot be considered the only correct one. For example, words that are usually classified as Indo-European could have been borrowed from other languages, since trade relations and, in general, communication between peoples have existed since ancient times. 66 Words that were borrowed in the distant past have already been completely assimilated by the receiving language and are no longer perceived as foreign. Establishing their origin is quite difficult even for linguists. It is almost impossible to establish which language from a group or subgroup is the primary source of a word; for example, the English word figure could come either directly from the Latin figura or from the French figure. It is even more difficult to understand the difference between the terms “word origin” and “source of borrowing.” There are also words with a second or more degree of borrowing. Thus, the word valley came into English from Latin through French [1]. Without precise data, we can still conclude that most words in the English language were borrowed in an earlier or later era, from a nearby or distant language system. There are several reasons for this phenomenon and they are all varied. The following reasons for borrowing are distinguished: - intralinguistic - extralinguistic. Let's take a closer look at each of them. The intralinguistic ones include the following: 1) the need to name a new object or phenomenon, due to the fact that there is no designation for this phenomenon in the base of the receptor language. This is the main and most classic reason for borrowing; Along with a new phenomenon for the people, its name (bistro, elephant) is also fixed in the language of the people; 2) the need for a name for an object or phenomenon, due to the inaccuracy of the existing name. If the meaning of words in both languages is similar, the English word has a more general meaning, and the borrowed word has both a general meaning and an additional one [2]. Extralinguistic reasons include: 1) socio-psychological - this is an expression of meaning that the corresponding unit does not have in the receiving language. For example, the French word boutique (a store located in an expensive area and selling expensi