С-type reduplication in Karakalpak

Аннотация

This article explores C-type reduplication in the Karakalpak language, which is a partial reduplication. The article provides examples of C-type reduplication in Karakalpak and discusses its morphological, semantic properties, and deviations. Keywords: C-type reduplication, Karakalpak language, truncated form, adjectives, deviations. C-type reduplication is a type of partial interfixed reduplication that is found in most Turkic languages, including Karakalpak. “C-type reduplication” is defined by Stachowski as “the doubling of the initial mora of a word and inserting a single or double consonant in between” in his book “Standard Turkic C-type Reduplications” [1, p. 251]. Bekbergenov explains that reduplicative constructions of this type are formed by repeating an adjective or adverb, and their first component is a truncated form of this base. The author also states that intensive reduplication in Karakalpak is used to intensify the degree of certain qualitative adjectives and adverbs [3, pp. 78-79]. Khamidov also notes that the intensive degree is formed by reduplication (repetition) of adjectives. Reduplication can be total or partial. In the case of partial reduplication, the initial adjective undergoes truncation by one syllable, and the truncated form ends in a consonant (asqar-asqar ‘high-high’, jap-jas ‘very young’ and qap-qara ‘pitch-black’) [6, p. 91]. However, Eshbaev’s statements and examples are ambiguous as the author notes that certain compound adverbs are formed by pairing, which is not characteristic of modern Karakalpak literary speech, but some of these incomprehensible components can be used to intensify the adverbs. As an example, the author cites such words as tup-tuwra ‘completely straight, very direct’, tumlı-tusqa ‘to everywhere, to all sides’, ján jaqqa ‘to everywhere, to all sides’, payu-piyada ‘on foot’ [4, p. 88]. The last three examples are not C-type reduplications. Baskakov states that the intensive degree is formed by reduplication of the adjective and reduplication can be full or partial. Full reduplicative constructions are the adjectives repeated twice (uzın-uzın ‘very long’, mayda-mayda ‘very small, tiny’, qattı-qattı ‘hard, rough-rough’). The reduplication is partial when the first word is an initial truncated syllable ending in a consonant, a few examples are provided in (1). Usually, this consonant is a bilabial voiceless ‘p’ [2, p. 184]. (1) góne ‘old’ góp-góne ‘very old’ jeńil ‘light’ jep-jeńil ‘very light’ jińishke ‘thin, narrow’ jip-jińishke ‘very thin, narrow’ jasıl ‘green’ jap-jasıl ‘very green’ muzday ‘cold’ mup-muzday ‘very cold’ Bekbergenov provides a detailed explanation of how an intensive form is formed 168 XXI CENTURY RENAISSANCE IN THE PARADIGM OF SCIENCE, EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS and suggests three patterns for truncating the initial syllable in C-type reduplication. If the first syllable of a word ends in a consonant, this consonant is replaced by the sound ‘p’. This syllable becomes the initial intensifying component, and the second component will have the full form, as shown in (2). (2) úlken ‘big’ úp-úlken ‘very big, huge’ kelte ‘short’ kep-kelte ‘very short’ muzday ‘cold’ mup-muzday ‘very cold’ mayda ‘small, tiny’ map-mayda ‘very small, tiny’ If a word starts with a vowel sound in the first syllable, the sound ‘p’ is added before the vowel, and that becomes the first component of the word. The second component of the word will remain in full form, as in (3). (3) iri ‘hefty’ ip-iri ‘hefty’ domalaq ‘round’ dop-domalaq ‘completely round’ Tegis ‘even, flat’ tep-tegis ‘very even, very flat’ Sopaq ‘convex’ sop-sopaq ‘convex’ semiz ‘fat’ sep-semiz ‘very fat’ When the first syllable of a word ends with two consonants, those two consonants are removed and replaced by ‘p’: shalt ‘agile; fast’ → shap-shalt ‘agile; very fast’ [3, p. 79]. However, this framework is not universal for the formation of intensive degree of adjectives, as there are deviations from it. Bekbergenov acknowledges that there may be instances where certain words in the modern Karakalpak language show a violation of these patterns [3, p. 79]. Baskakov implies that on some occasions the closer may be a nasal ‘m’ or a “whistling” ‘s’: jım-jırt ‘quiet(ly), silence’, qum-quwıt ‘excitation, commotion, agitation’, tım-taraqay ‘in disarray, disorderly, in all directions’, tım-tırıs ‘complete silence, completely silent, completely mute’, nám-náhán ‘very big, huge’, bes-beter ‘more so, very; worst of all’ [2, p. 184]. Stachowski examines three words from these examples in a separate subsection of “Karakalpak” section in his work mentioned above. The author assumes that qum-quwıt and jım-jırt, which are closed by ‘m’, may be borrowings. However, qum-quwıt could also be “merely an apparent reduplication” and ‘m’ in jım-jırt could be a closer, “which suggests an Oghuz origin […] and thus further complicates the issue”. The only intensive reduplicative word bes-beter, which is closed by ‘s’,