ПРИЕМЫ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫЕ ПРИ УБОРКЕ КЛУБНЕЙ КАРТОФЕЛЯ

Аннотация

The work provides an analysis of technologies for cultivating potatoes on ridges. The research was carried out to justify the choice of techniques and technical means that can be used to implement universal innovative technology. Kеy wоrds: soil, tillage, ridges, potatoes, cultivator, harvesting, planting, planters, soil moisture, equipment, potato harvester. ПРИЕМЫ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫЕ ПРИ УБОРКЕ КЛУБНЕЙ КАРТОФЕЛЯ Аннотация. В работе представлен анализ технологий возделывания картофеля на грядах. Исследование было проведено с целью обоснования выбора методик и технических средств, которые могут быть использованы для внедрения универсальной инновационной технологии. Ключевые слова: почва, обработка почвы, гряды, картофель, культиватор, уборка урожая, посадка, сеялки, влажность почвы, оборудование, картофелеуборочный комбайн. INTRОDUСTIОN Global and local climate change is characterized by heavy rainfalls and droughts, which causes temperature and humidity stress of plants, erosion of ridges and difficulties in autumn harvesting due to waterlogging of the soil. New approaches to the implementation of efficient land use schemes: the creation of industrial agrotechnoparks, agrobioclusters that implement the cultivation and deep processing of products, pose the task of improving field production technologies, primarily potatoes as the most energy-intensive crops. MАTЕRIАLS АND MЕTHОDS The tasks of modernizing technologies for growing 40-60 t/ha of potatoes are solved by selecting fields, maximizing the use of fertilizers, protective equipment, irrigation, high-precision technologies for the industrial cultivation of these crops. Modern tractors and harvesting equipment, to reduce the specific pressure on the soil, have wheels with wide tires of 60-90 cm, which accordingly require wide row spacing of 90 cm or more. However, the optimal distance between plants is determined by biology: the size of tuber nests and plant habit [1]. RЕSULTS АND DISСUSSIОN Numerous studies have proven that the total yield at the optimal distance between tubers during planting is determined by planting density, which for potatoes, for example, is 35-50 thousand plants/ha, or 160-240 thousand stems/ha, in depending on the purpose of the product [1]. Thus, a technical contradiction arises between the expansion of row spacing and the density of the stem stand. 7 51 International scientific journal ISSN: 2181-3906 «MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH» 2023 VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 11 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ This can be solved using ridge technologies with planting in 2-4 rows and arranging bushes in a checkerboard pattern [2], which are especially important for artichoke, since its tuberous nests are much larger than those of potatoes, and the distance between bushes should be correspondingly larger - depending on the variety and yield, 1.2-2.0 times. A serious problem when cultivating potatoes in ridges remains the harvesting of green mass, during which the ridges are compacted by the wheels of trucks transporting it, which complicates the subsequent digging of tubers. For optimal development of tuberous plants, it is necessary to form and maintain certain technological parameters of the development zone of the tuberous nest and root system: optimal soil density, humidity, resistance to heavy rainfall and drought. Potatoes are “loose soil” crops. They react especially strongly to compaction, waterlogging and drought. The optimal volumetric mass for soddy-podzolic and slightly loamy soils is 1.0-1.2 g/cm3. In denser soil, the root system develops weaker, the tubers are smaller and more deformed [3]. It is advisable to carry out autumn tillage of the soil when cultivating potatoes with a reversible plow, which eliminates the formation of fall ridges and collapse furrows in the field. After plowing, the soil is treated with disc harrows. On clay soils, it is advisable to carry out disking in two tracks. Treatment should be carried out only when the soil reaches physical ripeness. To create a fine-grained soil structure with sufficient pore volume and good contact with the lower water-retaining layers, it is necessary to carry out pre-planting tillage. It should be carried out only to the required depth, which should be 4-5 cm below the level of subsequent placement of tubers. This is done so that during harvesting, the digging plowshares of combines do not lift a layer of untreated soil onto the elevator, which is difficult, and under some conditions impossible, to separate from the tubers [1]. An effective technique is local deep loosening in the center of the ridge with local application of fertilizers and water-retaining biopolymers, destroying the submersible compaction, ensuring improvement of the water-air regime of the ridge [1]. Taking into account that the yield of potatoe is greatly influenced by moisture supply, all soil treatments should be aimed at increasing the retention of soil moisture, improving moisture-saving capacity and red