СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИХ КАТЕГОРИЙ В ДВУХ ЯЗЫКАХ И ТИПОЛОГИЯ ЧАСТЕЙ РЕЧИ.

Аннотация

The article gives us information about some categories of Russian language and compare them with English ones. The case category, the number category and the gender category is described and compared. It is almost generally accepted that there is a class of nouns that have two case forms, the Nominative and the possessive, which are formed by the morpheme's. These are the class of animate nouns and nouns of the semantic field 'time'. So, for example, in Finnish, where the number of cases of nouns is 14, there are very few prepositions. In English, on the other hand, with its limited system of cases, the number of prepositions is considerable. The category of certainty - indefiniteness. In many western European languages and some oriental languages, the noun system is characterised by definiteness - indefiniteness. This noun category has its own morphological form. Most often it is expressed by an article, as in English, German and French. Keyword: The case category, the number category and the gender category, typology of parts of speech and content of grammatical categories, unity of the meaning, form of expression. СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИХ КАТЕГОРИЙ В ДВУХ ЯЗЫКАХ И ТИПОЛОГИЯ ЧАСТЕЙ РЕЧИ. Аннотация. В статье даются сведения о некоторых категориях русского языка и проводится сравнение их с английскими. Описаны и сопоставлены падежная категория, числовая категория и гендерная категория. Почти общепринято, что существует класс существительных, которые имеют две падежные формы: именительный и притяжательный падеж, образованные морфемой 's. Это класс одушевленных существительных и существительных семантического поля «время». Так, например, в финском языке, где число падежей существительных 14, предлогов очень мало. Напротив, в английском языке с его ограниченной системой падежей количество предлогов значительно. Категория определенности – неопределенность. Во многих западноевропейских языках и некоторых восточных языках именной системе свойственна определенность – неопределенность. Данная категория существительных имеет свою морфологическую форму. Чаще всего оно выражается артиклем, как в английском, немецком и французском языках. Ключевое слово: Падежная категория, числительная категория и родовая категория, типология частей речи и содержание грамматических категорий, единство значения, форма выражения. Introduction. The case category The category of case is understood as a grammatical category that represents the unity of the meaning of the relation of the indicated object to other objects, actions, features and the means of its material, linguistic expression. The real form of expression of this category is the case form, or form of case, which is a morpheme consisting of a 5 2 International scientific journal ISSN: 2181-3906 «MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH» 2023 VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 10 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ certain sound row, which together with the root morpheme gives a certain content to a word. The aggregate of the case forms, which form a definite system of change, constitutes the declension. Main part The number of declension varies in different languages, and this fact may be regarded as one of the criteria for the typological characterisation of the morphological system of a given language, as the presence or absence of declension is connected with the presence, absence or weak development of prepositions. So, for example, in Finnish, where the number of cases of nouns is 14, there are very few prepositions. In English, on the other hand, with its limited system of cases, the number of prepositions is considerable. There are languages where the case system in the noun does not exist at all, as in Bulgarian, Italian and French. In the Russian language the case category is represented by six cases - именительный, родительнымйдательный, винительный, творительный и предложный. (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative and prepositional.) When we consider the meaning of each individual case as a special grammatical category, we see that it has a complex character and consists of a number of smaller consciousnesses which, however, cannot be further decomposed. For instance, as one of these may be called objecthood, because the category of case is a characteristic of nouns denoting objects and phenomena. Another may be that the gender of a noun is assigned to a particular grammatical gender. The third inflection is the sense of number, singular or plural. The fourth signification is that it is animate or inanimate, and expresses itself in one form or another, etc. Following Professor E.I. Shendels, we call these conceptions sema. The term sema is thus understood as a minimal, further indivisible element of grammatical meaning. In Russian the category of case is characterised by the presence of the following semes: subjectness, gender, number, animate/inanimate. Apart from the stem of the case in general, each of the cases in The Russian language has a number of its own peculiar terms. So, for exa