The main purpose of post-sowing rolling is to create favorable conditions for seed germination

Аннотация

The main purpose of post-sowing rolling is to create favorable conditions for seed germination. The fullness and uniformity of crop shoots depend on post-sowing rolling. In many ways, the effectiveness of rolling as an agricultural technique is determined by the humidity, type and mechanical composition of the soil. Thus, on heavy clay soils with excessive moisture, rolling has a negative effect, since it promotes crust formation. Depending on the applied soil cultivation technology and sowing method, various types of compacting rollers are used on seeding machines for soil compaction. Let us dwell on their description in more detail. Key words: soil, SZS-2.1, SZS-6/12, STS-6/12, ring-spur rollers, zero- tillage, technology, wedge-shaped, ring-spur rollers Anyone who works in agriculture and is involved in plant growing knows that in order to obtain fast and uniform shoots, any crops must be rolled. For rolling crops, ring-spur rollers are often used, which consist of one or more batteries, including shafts mounted in bearing units, on which ring-spur disks are installed in a staggered pattern through spacer bushings. These rollers ensure the rolling of 60-70% of the surface of the sown field with virtually no formation of a loose soil layer on this surface, while the remaining part of the surface remains unrolledIn the rolled soil, a capillary cavity is formed, which ensures the supply of moisture to the seeds not only from the seed bed, but also from the soil rolled above the seeds, thereby creating optimal conditions for germination and shoots. The technological process of rolling involves performing operations aimed at changing the physical and mechanical properties of the soil in order to create favorable conditions for plant development or to preserve moisture in the soil. The purpose of rolling may be: – destruction of the soil crust; 63 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference – soil compaction (creation of a dense bed for seeds, a dense layer of soil that prevents moisture evaporation or pressing seeds to a dense bed to ensure uniform germination); - crushing lumps in arable land; - rolling green manure; -leveling the soil surface. Rolling of the soil after primary cultivation and tillage is used to break up large lumps, level the surface of the field, and create a moisture-retaining soil structure (reduces moisture evaporation, especially in dry weather, when convection-diffusion movement of moisture predominates). A press roller is a part of almost every tillage implement. Pre-sowing rolling is used to create a compacted bed at the seed placement depth and to level the field surface (this is necessary for shallow and uniform seeding and to prevent soil settling after sowing). According to L. S. Roktanen, on chernozem soils, the effectiveness of rolling is higher than on solonetzic soils. If you roll ripe soil, then its structure will not be destroyed. In the case when the moisture reserves in the soil are close to the capillary moisture capacity (which happens with early sowing of spring crops), rolling increases moisture evaporation due to the growth of ridges and leads to over- compaction of the sowing horizon. It is important not to allow the rolling of waterlogged soils, as this will form a thick soil crust that prevents the germination of plants. Rolling dry and sandy soil is ineffective. The only advantage in these conditions may be the leveling of the field surface, but this increases its dispersion. Rolling plays an important role when sowing grain crops in a compacted layer. Due to the influx of moisture and the increase in temperature, rapid and simultaneous swelling and germination of seeds occurs. The most favorable conditions: the seeds lie on a solid bed, and are covered with a less dense layer of soil on top (Figure 1). In such conditions, moisture from the lower layers vigorously flows to the dense bed through capillaries, and the upper, less dense layer of soil favors the penetration of air to the seeds and their rapid germination. In this case, no phenomena of settling of soil layers in the zone of root system development are observed. In dry conditions, post-sowing rolling is a mandatory agrotechnical technique. On rolled crops, accelerated emergence of seedlings, an increase in field germination and, as a result, an increase in yield from 5 to 20% are observed compared to unrolled ones. Therefore, the type of working bodies for rolling and the technological process performed by them must correspond to the sowing method and ensure the 64 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference creation of optimal conditions for seed germination and further development of crops. In traditional soil-protecting and minimum soil cultivation technologies in Northern Kazakhstan, the most common is the row sowing method with a row width of 4-5 cm and row spacing of 22.8-25 cm. It is carried out by cultivator- type seeders, wh