Cardiovascular Diseases and Vitamin D

Аннотация

The article provides a review of the literature on the role of vitamin D in the development and course of various diseases of the cardiovascular system. An analysis of the literature showed that the studies performed are often experimental in nature, while clinical trial data are scarce and contradictory. In children, data on the role of vitamin D in the occurrence and progression of cardiovascular diseases are sporadic, which indicates the need for further scientific research in this direction. Keywords Vitamin D, Cardiovascular disease Vitamin D belongs to the group of secosteroid molecules, Vitamin D deficiency is widespread throughout the world and enters the body with food, and is contained in a very limited occurs in approximately 30-50% of the population. In most cases, amount of food, and is able to be synthesized in the skin under the this problem is associated with pathology of the musculoskeletal influence of ultraviolet rays of sunlight [9]. system: rickets in children and osteomalacia or osteoporosis. In recent years, in the process of a thorough study of the broad According to some researchers, the functions of vitamin D are not activity of vitamin D in the body, it has rightly been called the limited only to the control of calcium-phosphorus metabolism, it hormone D. Obtained with ultraviolet or oral, vitamin D is also affects other physiological processes in the body, including metabolized by hepatic hydroxylase to 25-hydroxyvitamin D modulation of cell growth, neuromuscular conduction, immunity (25(OH) D), which is converted by the kidney 1b-hydroxylase to and inflammation [54]. the active form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH) 2D - In recent years, convincing data have been obtained on the calcitriol) and directly depends on the level of circulating 25(OH) relationship of vitamin D deficiency with pathology of the D. The main indicator in determining the status of vitamin D is cardiovascular system. A low level of vitamin D in humans is 25(OH) D, as it circulates for longer periods (3-4 weeks) in the associated with unfavorable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, blood. The optimal level of 25(OH) D is recognized as 75-150 such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, NMOL/L, THE DEFICIENCY IS CONSIDERED TO BE 50-75 NMOL/L, which are predictors of cardiovascular catastrophes, including THE DEFICIT IS LESS THAN 50 nmol/L [59]. strokes and heart attacks. Vitamin D has been shown to have a It exerts diverse biological effects when interacting with vasoprotective effect by improving endothelial dysfunction, specific receptors that are located in more than 40 target tissues interferes with vascular and myocardial remodeling, improves (osteoblasts, muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, pancreatic I-cells, blood pressure parameters, helps to reduce the risk of left endothelium, cells of the nervous system, intestines, immune cells, ventricular hypertrophy, slows down fibrosis, reduces the risk of etc.) [20,43,54,78]. developing atherosclerosis, reduces insulin resistance, and also Vitamin D affects the biological reactions of the body through affects inflammation and immunity. According to studies, the the genomic mechanism (synthesis of Ca-binding protein, effect of vitamin D deficiency on the development of osteocalcin, etc.) and rapid reactions of extragenomic origin atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias and the (synthesis of secondary messengers: cyclic adenosine progression of chronic heart failure has been demonstrated monophosphate, inositol triphosphate, arachidonic acid). Each [10,32,46,55, 73]. tissue controls the activity of processes independently, but Several of studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency depends on an adequate level of circulating 25(OH) D increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Thus, in [43,54,77,78]. the study, a low level of vitamin D compared with the optimal one increased the risk of coronary heart disease by 40%, the risk of developing myocardial infarction by 64%, the risk of early death * Corresponding author: anilufar74@mail.ru (Akhmedova by 57%, and at least 81% the increased risk of death from heart Nilufar) Published online at http://journal.sapub.org/ajmms disease. Similar data were obtained after a survey of 27,686 people Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Scientific & Academic Publishing This work is [40], where it was found that licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 364 Akhmedova Nilufar and Akhmedova Dilorom: Cardiovascular Diseases and Vitamin D people with vitamin D deficiency had a 77% higher risk of early pediatric population with cardiomyopathy and heart failure death, a 78% higher risk of developing a stroke, and 45% more associated with rickets [54,68]. likely to develop coronary heart disease than those with a normal The first publications on the relationship of vitamin D level of 25(OH) D. It