LEXICOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION

Аннотация

The article discusses the problem of a lack of equivalence in translation, which results in lexical gaps at the semantic field level. It also sheds light on the problem of improper vocabulary selection, assuming that there are equivalents to the source text words. Lexical ambiguity, which may result from the polysemous nature of a language or from it homonymic nature, is also discussed. In addition, there is discussion on synonymy and problems related to the translation of rhetorical devices. KEYWORDS: translation, sating, proverb, usual, put in. INTRODUCTION expressed by words coincide in most cases, though the means of expression differ. The study of the language is arguably the most hotly contested property in the academic The principal types of lexical realm. It becomes a tangle begetting multiple correspondences between two languages are language discrepancies. That is why linguistics as follows: 1) Complete correspondences; 2) compares languages and explores their Partial correspondences; 3) The absence of histories, in order to find and to account for its correspondences [1: 96]. development and origins to give the answers Let’s deal with them more exactly. to this or that language point. 1) Complete lexical correspondences. Due to the semantic features of language the meanings of words, their ability to combine Complete correspondence of lexical units of with other words, their usage, the “place” they two languages can rarely be found. As a rule hold in the lexical system of a language do not they belong to the following lexical groups: concur for the most part. All the same “ideas” “LEXICOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION” P age 223 | 4 - proper names and geographical 4. The differences of semantic content of the denominations: equivalent words in two languages. These - the months and days of the week, words can be divided into there sub-group: numerals. a) Words with a differentiated - scientific and technical terms (with the (undifferentiated) meaning: e.g. In English: to exception of terminological polysemy). swim (of a human being), to sail (of a ship), to 2) Partial lexical correspondences. float (of an inanimate object); While translating the lexical units partial b) Words with a “broad” sense: verbs of state correspondences mostly occur. That happens (to be), perception and brainwork (to see, to when a word in the language of the original understand), verbs of action and speech (to conforms to several equivalents in the go, to say). language it is translated into. The reasons of c)” Adverbial verbs” with a composite these facts are the following [2:5]. structure which have a semantic content, 1. Most words in a language are polysemantic. expressing action and nature at the same time: That’s why the selection of a word in the e.g. the train whistled out of the station. process of translating is determined by the 5. Most difficulties are encountered when context. translating the so called pseudo-international 2. The specification of synonymous order. words. The regular correspondence of such However, it is necessary to allow for the nature words in spelling and sometimes in of the semantic signs which an order of articulation coupled with the structure of synonyms is based on. Therefore, it is word-building in both languages may lead to a advisable to account for the concurring false identification. meanings of members of synonymic orders, 6. Each language has its own typical rules of the difference in lexical and stylistic meanings, combinability. A language has generally and the ability of individual components of established traditional combinations which do orders of synonyms to combine. not concur with corresponding ones in 3. Each word affects the meaning of an object another language. it designates. Not infrequently languages Adjectives offer considerable difficulties in the “select” different properties and signs to process of translation. It does not always describe the same denotations. The way, each coincide with their combinability in the language creates its own “picture of the Ukrainian or Russian languages on account of world”, is known as” various principles of differences in their semantic structure [3:236]. dividing reality into parts”. Despite the Frequently one and the same adjective in difference of signs, both languages reflect one English combines with a number of nouns, and the same phenomenon adequately and to while in Ukrainian and Russian different the same extent, which must be taken into adjectives are used in combinations of this account when translating words of this kind, as kind. For this reason it is not easy to translate equivalence is not identical to having the same English adjectives which are more capable of meaning. combining than their Ukrainian and Russian equivalents. “LEXICOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION” P age 224 | 4 A specific feature of the combinability of identified that is due to the low performance English nouns is that some of them can of stu