“THE THEME OF PRISON IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE” (BASED ON THE WORKS OF M. DOSTOEVSKY AND A. SOLZHENITSYN)

Аннотация

Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (11 December 1918 – 3 August 2008) was a Russian novelist. One of the most famous Soviet dissidents, Solzhenitsyn was an outspoken critic of communism and helped to raise global awareness of political repression in the Soviet Union, in particular the Gulag system. Solzhenitsyn was born into a family that defied the Soviet anti-religious campaign in the 1920s and remained devout members of the Russian Orthodox Church. While still young, Solzhenitsyn lost his faith in Christianity, became an atheist, and embraced Marxist– Leninism. While serving as a captain in the Red Army during World War II, Solzhenitsyn was arrested by the SMERSH and sentenced to eight years in the Gulag and then internal exile for criticizing Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in a private letter. As a result of his experience in prison and the camps, he gradually became a philosophically-minded Eastern Orthodox Christian. KEYWORDS: Author, novel, times, literature. INTRODUCTION last work to be published in the Soviet Union was Matryona's Place in 1963. Following the As a result of the Khrushchev Thaw, removal of Khrushchev from power, the Soviet Solzhenitsyn was released and exonerated. He authorities attempted to discourage pursued writing novels about repressions in Solzhenitsyn from continuing to write. He the Soviet Union and his experiences. He continued to work on further novels and their published his first novel, One Day in the Life of publication in other countries including Cancer Ivan Denisovich in 1962, with approval from Ward in 1966, In the First Circle in 1968, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, which was an August 1914 in 1971, and The Gulag account of Stalinist repressions. Solzhenitsyn's “PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION OF ARTISTIC TIME IN THE NOVELS OF V. AKSENOV” P age 310 | 5 Archipelago in 1973, the publication of which mother had fought for survival and that they outraged the Soviet authorities. In 1974 had to keep his father's background in the old Solzhenitsyn lost his Soviet citizenship and was Imperial Army a secret. His educated mother flown to West Germany. In 1976, he moved encouraged his literary and scientific learnings with his family to the United States, where he and raised him in the Russian Orthodox faith continued to write. In 1990, shortly before the she died in 1944 having never remarried. dissolution of the Soviet Union, his citizenship As early as 1936, Solzhenitsyn began was restored, and four years later he returned developing the characters and concepts for to Russia, where he remained until his death in planned epic work on World War I and the 2008. Russian Revolution. This eventually led to the He was awarded the 1970 Nobel Prize in novel August 1914; some of the chapters he Literature "for the ethical force with which he wrote then still survive. Solzhenitsyn studied has pursued the indispensable traditions of mathematics and physics at Rostov State Russian literature" and The Gulag Archipelago University. At the same time, he took was a highly influential work that "amounted correspondence courses from the Moscow to a head-on challenge to the Soviet state", Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History, and sold tens of millions of copies. which by this time were heavily ideological in scope. As he himself makes clear, he did not Solzhenitsyn was born in Kislovodsk (now in question the state ideology or the superiority Stavropol Krai, Russia). His father, Isaakiy of the Soviet Union until he spent time in the Semyonovich Solzhenitsyn, was of Russian camps. During the war, Solzhenitsyn served as descent and his mother, Taisiya Zakharovna the commander of a sound-ranging battery in (née Shcherbak), was of Ukrainian descent. the Red Army, was involved in major action at Taisiya's father had risen from humble the front, and was twice decorated. He was beginnings to become a wealthy landowner, awarded the Order of the Red Star on 8 July acquiring a large estate in the Kuban region in 1944 for sound-ranging two German artillery the northern foothills of the Caucasus and batteries and adjusting counterbattery fire during World War I, Taisiya had gone to onto them, resulting in their destruction. Moscow to study. While there she met and married Isaakiy, a young officer in the Imperial A series of writings published late in his life, Russian Army of Cossack origin and fellow including the early uncompleted novel Love native of the Caucasus region. The family the Revolution!, chronicle his wartime background of his parents is vividly brought to experience and growing doubts about the life in the opening chapters of August 1914, moral foundations of the Soviet regime. and in the later Red Wheel novels. While serving as an artillery officer in East In 1918, Taisiya became pregnant with Prussia, Solzhenitsyn witnessed war crimes Aleksandr. On 15 June, shortly after her against local German civilians by Soviet pregnancy was confirmed, Isaakiy was killed in military personnel. Of th