FISCAL INSTRUMENTS FOR A GREEN ECONOMY: THE ROLE OF GREEN TAXATION AND SUBSIDIES Baymuradova Zilola Alisherovna

Аннотация

The shift to a green economy requires not only technological innovation but also a supportive fiscal framework. Among the most effective tools for promoting sustainable development are green taxes and environmental subsidies. These fiscal instruments serve as economic signals—penalizing environmentally harmful behavior while encouraging investment in clean technologies and renewable energy. This paper explores the role of fiscal policy in supporting environmental goals, with a focus on Uzbekistan and comparative global practices. It analyzes how carbon taxes, energy levies, and pollution charges can internalize environmental costs, and how subsidies can incentivize green innovation in transport, agriculture, and industry. Drawing on quantitative data, including case studies and investment trends, the article evaluates the efficiency and fairness of fiscal instruments. It also presents visual representations (charts and graphs) to show how green fiscal tools affect emissions levels, public revenue, and private investment. Keywords: green economy, fiscal policy, environmental tax, carbon pricing, green subsidies, Uzbekistan, sustainable finance, eco-incentives.