COMPARATIVE, TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OFBLOCKCHAINTERMS INTHEFIELDOF INFORMATIONAND COMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGIES AND SOLUTIONOF TRANSLATIONPROBLEMS (ONTHEEXAMPLE OF ENGLISH, RUSSIANANDUZBEK LANGUAGES)

Аннотация

This article explores the comparative and typological analysis of blockchain terminology in English, Russian, and Uzbek within the field of information and communication technologies (ICT). The study examines the lexical, structural, and semantic differences in blockchain terminology across these languages and identifies the main translation challenges, such as standardization issues, loanword adaptation, and syntactic complexities. Based on empirical data and linguistic analysis, the article proposes effective solutionsforimproving the accuracy and consistency of blockchain terminology translations. Kеywоrds:blockchain, ICT terminology, linguistic adaptation, translation problems, comparative analysis, typology, English, Russian, Uzbek, loanwords INTRОDUСTIОN With the rapid advancement of digital technologies, blockchain has emerged as a revolutionary concept in information and communication technologies (ICT). The terminology associated with blockchain is continually evolving, presenting significant challenges for translation and standardization across different languages. The translation of blockchain terms from English into Russian and Uzbek is particularly challenging due to differences in linguistic structures, terminology adaptation processes, and technological advancements in each language. This paper aims to analyze blockchain-related terms comparatively and typologically, focusing on the peculiarities of their translation between English, Russian, and Uzbek. The study will also identify common translation problems and propose solutions to enhance accuracy, consistency, and clarity in multilingual blockchain terminology. MАTЕRIАLSАNDMЕTHОDS The research employs a comparative and typological approach to analyze blockchain terms across three languages. Themethodology includes: Lexical and Semantic Analysis – Examining blockchain-related terms based on their meaning, usage, and context inEnglish, Russian, and Uzbek. Structural Analysis – Studying the morphological and syntactic structures of blockchain terminology in all three languages. Translation Equivalence – Identifying equivalents, loanwords, and newly coined terms in Russian and Uzbek derived from English. www.wordlyknowledge.uz ILMIYMETODIK JURNAL JOURNAL OF IQRO –ЖУРНАЛ ИҚРО –IQRO JURNALI –volume 14,issue01,2025 ISSN:2181-4341, IMPACT FACTOR(RESEARCH BIB) –7,245,SJIF–5,431 Corpus-Based Study – Analyzing blockchain-related texts, glossaries, and official documents from ICT sources. Expert Interviews – Gathering insights from linguists, translators, and blockchain professionals to understand translation challenges and best practices. RЕSULTSАNDDISСUSSIОN Most blockchain-related terminology originates in English, as it is the dominant language of technological innovation and scientific research. Russian and Uzbek, however, adopt and adapt these terms differently based onlinguisticnorms and terminological development. EnglishTerm Russian Equivalent Uzbek Equivalent Translation Strategy Blockchain Блокчейн Blokcheyn Loanword/Transliteration Smart contract Умныйконтракт Aqlli shartnoma Literal Translation Cryptocurrency Криптовалюта Kriptovalyuta Loanword Hash function Хэш-функция Hash-funksiya Loanword/Calque Decentralization Децентрализация Markazsizlashtirish Literal Translation Mining Майнинг Mayning Loanword English vs. Russian Adaptation Russian often transliterates English terms rather than creating new native words (e.g., "майнинг" from "mining"). Someterms, suchas "умный контракт" (smart contract), useliteral translation rather thanborrowing. Russian ICT terminology ismore standardized due to itsestablished scientific lexicon. English vs. Uzbek Adaptation Uzbek, unlike Russian, often combines loanwords with local adaptations (e.g., “Aqlli shartnoma” for “Smart contract”). Manyblockchain terms inUzbekare direct transliterations, as seen in “Kriptovalyuta”and “Blokcheyn”. Uzbek translation practices are less formalized, leading to inconsistencies in terminology usage. Despite the increasing use of blockchain technology in Russia and Uzbekistan, challenges remain in accurate and consistent translation ofitsterminology. 1.Lack ofStandardized Terminology Blockchain is a relatively new field, and there are no fixed linguistic standards in many languages, including Uzbek. Different organizationsand professionals use varying translations, creating inconsistency interminology. 2.Difficulty inTranslating New orUntranslatable Concepts Someblockchain terms havenodirect equivalent in Russian or Uzbek,making them hard to translate. www.wordlyknowledge.uz ILMIYMETODIK JURNAL JOURNAL OF IQRO –ЖУРНАЛ ИҚРО –IQRO JURNALI –volume 14,issue01,2025 ISSN:2181-4341, IMPACT FACTOR(RESEARCH BIB) –7,245,SJIF–5,431 Technical concepts like"fork," "gas fee," "immutableledger" require contextualadaptation. 3.Influence ofLoanwords and Unnecessary Borrowings Many Russian and Uzbek blockchain terms are direct transliterations of English terms, which may not always beintuiti