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Аннотация

This article analyzes the transformation of political ideologies in the modern and postmodern eras. The features of modern ideology based on the ideas of rationalism, science, and the national state, as well as the principles of pluralism, relativity, and hybridity of postmodern ideology, are highlighted. Through comparative analysis, the meaningful changes of ideologies, their role and significance in society are shown. It also reveals the influence of digital civilization and the process of globalization on ideological transformation. The research results scientifically demonstrate that ideologies do not have a definitive form, but are constantly being updated. Keywords: Modern era, postmodern era, political ideologies, transformation, liberalism, socialism, pluralism, hybridity, globalization, digital civilization. Introduction. In the history of mankind, political ideologies have been formed as an integral part of the development of society. The ideology of each period was closely connected with the socio-political processes, economic conditions, and cultural values of that time. In particular, the modern and postmodern periods have brought about dramatic changes in this regard. While modern ideologies are based on the ideas of rationalism, science, progress, and national state building, postmodern ideologies promote relativism, pluralism, and the crisis of "great ideologies." Therefore, in modern philosophy and political science, the analysis of the historical transformation of ideologies is one of the pressing issues. The ideological foundations of modernism were formed in the 17th-19th centuries, in which the central role of human thought was especially emphasized. Philosophy of the new era, in particular, such thinkers as R. Descartes, I. Kant, and H. Hegel, considered the human mind as the main force regulating society. In the political arena, trends such as liberalism, socialism, and nationalism emerged as major forms of modern ideology. These movements, by their very nature, were aimed at scientifically governing society, strengthening the national state, and ensuring civil liberties. Therefore, modern ideologies determined the main direction of development throughout the world at the beginning of the 20th century [1]. In our opinion, the greatest achievement of modern ideologies is that they see man not as a passive object of ideology, but as an active subject. For example, liberalism prioritized individual freedom and rights, while socialism emphasized social equality. Despite the contradictions of these two ideologies, both served to bring 1411 Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology ISSN: 1001-4055 Vol. 46 No. 4 (2025) society to a new level. Therefore, the study of modern ideology remains an important theoretical basis for political thinking today. Postmodernism, however, began to take shape in the second half of the 20th century and criticized the universal claims of modern ideologies. J. Lyotard's ideas about the "postmodern condition" justified the collapse of "large narratives." Postmodern ideologies rejected absolute truth and recognized many alternative views. Such concepts as globalization, the information society, environmental problems, and identity policy are the fruit of postmodern ideologies. This ideological shift also changed politics: ideologies were no longer oriented towards a universal approach, but rather toward expressing the interests of various social groups [2]. In our opinion, the strength of postmodern ideologies lies in the fact that they pave the way for the coexistence of different views in society. For example, the ideas of gender equality, environmental justice, or the protection of local identity were formed as an ideological force during this period. However, postmodern ideologies also have a weakness: because they reject universal values, it becomes difficult to form political unity and a common strategy. This increases the risk of ideological fragmentation in society. Thus, the transformation of political ideologies in modern and postmodern eras is one of the most important ideological changes in human history and creates a scientific basis for a deep understanding of today's global political processes. Methods. The methodological approach plays a very important role in the study of the process of transformation of political ideologies. Because ideological processes are not limited only to the political arena, they also have a profound impact on philosophy, culture, economics, and various spheres of social life. For the analysis of the ideologies of the modern and postmodern periods, it is necessary to comprehensively use historical-comparative, philosophical-theoretical, sociological, and logical-analytical methods. In this way, it is possible to deeply understand the process of formation of ideologies, their main features, their place in the life of society, and the factors of transformation. Firstly, the historical-comparative method. With the help