COGNITIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF SEMANTIC CHANGES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF LEXICAL UNITS IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH)

Аннотация

The aim of this article is to describe the cognitive and lexico-semantic features of semantic displacement in Uzbek and English with the examples of lexical units in both languages. As a source for comparison there were chosen the examples from lexical units which are mainly used in everyday life of both nations. While comparing the given material the main attention was paid to the chosen lexemes. KEYWORDS: - Semantic displacement, deduction, widening of the meaning, narrowing of the meaning, individual, semantic parallelism, antroponic analyze, frame, nominative, cognitive meaning. because rethinking occurs in a single area of I NTRODUCTION understanding, we can see semantic shifts in the following three phenomena: The phenomenon of semantic privatization is an active process in the development of modern Uzbek 1. Expanding meaning is generalization. and English languages at the level of language 2. Narrowing the meaning - privatization. standards. The narrowing of meaning is a semantic 3. Shift is a "shift" in the meanings of a word. parallel in language of deduction, which is one of the main tendencies of thinking, and it represents The terms "widening" and "narrowing" are the movement of thought from semantic traditional and well known to linguists. A uncertainty to spiritual clarity. characteristic feature of these terms is that they Semantic shifts are mainly the result of rethinking, simultaneously represent the result of a process of which includes phenomena such as meaning rethinking. Based on anthroponomic analysis, we widening (generalization), meaning narrowing can observe many examples demonstrating the (privatization), and displacement of meaning. phenomenon of expansion of meaning. This phenomenon of change in meaning is based on For example, the Uzbek lexeme "Yaylov (pasture)" various logical and psychological processes, but originally meant "spending summer on the grass on the top of a mountain"; in the ancient Turkic CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL 44 SCIENCES ISSN – 2767-3758 https://masterjournals.com/index.php/crjps CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2(11): 44-47, November 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-11-11 ISSN 2767-3758 ©2021 Master Journals Accepted25thNovember, 2021 & Published 30thNovember, 2021 language, the lexeme "Yay" meant "summer", and In English linguistics, the phenomenon of semantic the lexeme "Yaylov (pasture)" - "the place where expansion is also observed. For example, the word people spent summer" [1]. pioneer, which came from the French during the initial formation of English, was originally used in During the summer, the herdsmen grazed their the army [3]. That meant a soldier who cleared the cattle in the "yaylaqlar (pastures)" at the top of the way for the soldiers going after them, cut down mountain, and in the winter they moved from the trees, did all sorts of dirty work, and had the lowest "yaylaq (pasture)" to the "qishlaq (village)". army rank. In the seventeenth century, as a result of Nowadays, the lexeme of yaylag (pasture) means the expansion of the original meaning, a new not only "a pasture where cattle graze on the top of meaning of "leading the way, exploring new a mountain", but also "any large area where cattle territories" emerged. graze, a pasture". Similar cases can also be found in the expansion of Such a meadow can be found at the top of a word meanings, which are clearly reinforced in the mountain, in the steppes and even in the low plains. concept of collective language in the concept and its This expansion of the meaning also occurred in the categorical features. context of the village lexeme: it originally meant "a place to live in the winter" ("the grazing of livestock Simply put, we can observe the expansion of on wintering land"), but now it means "a point meaning even more often in familiar social spheres. where the population is mostly engaged in In England, for example, the term merchant was agriculture." used to refer to men who held important positions, their voices played an important role in public Although both the “qishloq (village)” and “yaylov administration. Today, the term "savdogar (pasture)” lexemes are derived words in the (merchant)" is actively used in Uzbek linguistics. diachronic aspect, in the synchronous aspect they But the term is now being applied to men and are the root word. women who have lost their main meaning and are engaged in trade. In linguistics, it is also observed that the transformation of proper nouns into appellative A lexeme that is experiencing a narrowing of nouns is also considered an extension of meaning. meaning may be the only linguistic fact that has For example, Roentgen (proper name), Roentgen developed from the general rules in the brain of the (X-ray) (name of equipment), Rizamat (proper speaker and the listener and is common to the name), rizamat (local, grape variety) [2]. speakers in the community. By process of meaning Expansion of mea