STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PROVERBS

Аннотация

This paper is devoted to the analysis of semantic and structural features of some English proverbs. The equivalents of some proverbs in a target language are given for interpreting them in the other language to find out several important innovative ways of translation and contrasting their peculiarities in the English and Uzbek languages. The results and examples of this paper can help to distinguish some differences in the meanings of the English and Uzbek proverbs and to learn some peculiarities of them. KEYWORDS: - Proverb, cultureme, pragmatics, synonymy, antonymу, equivalent, context. meaning. Although several scholars give many I NTRODUCTION definitions for the notion of a proverb, Mieder’s definition is considered to be the best one among A proverb (from the Latin “proverbium” - proverb) them. Because proverb is not a simple unit of a is a popularly known, repeated and concrete saying language, it is a ready-made sentence that gives with complete utterance; they express a truth, metaphorical meaning with words of wisdom or based on common sense or the practical experience traditional thoughts of people or nation. Besides, of people. Prominent linguist W. Mieder gives a they have been created not only by an individual in definition to a proverb in his book: “A proverb is a a short period of time. A proverb is a product of the short, generally known sentence of the folk which definite nation as a folk saying during considerable contains wisdom, truth, morals, and traditional long time. They are handed down through years and views in a metaphorical, fixed and memorisable ages as frames or models of human life typical form and which is handed down from generation to situations. Ch. C. Doyle suggests investigating them generation” [1, p. 27]. as minimal folk poems [2, p. 4] in literature, because they enliven dialogues or give expressiveness and It is clear from the definition that proverbs are emotiveness to poetry or prose in various ways. usually based on metaphor and have figurative Folklore and linguistics study proverbs as their CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL 153 SCIENCES ISSN – 2767-3758 https://masterjournals.com/index.php/crjps CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2(11): 153-157, November 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-11-33 ISSN 2767-3758 ©2021 Master Journals Accepted25thNovember, 2021 & Published 30thNovember, 2021 objects. Some scholars (Taylor, Seiler, Firth, Mieder, functions with both of them, and one cannot say etc.) mentioned in their works that the main reason there is a notable agreement between the of studying proverbs in folklore is their conceptions of different authors on the functions of traditionality. No doubt that folklore units are language or folklore. We accept here a more simple traditional and recurring; as N.R. Norrick points and widespread scale, namely the set of three they are “seen as authorless, sourceless and also as degrees: non-literary, non-learned” [2, p. 10]. Proverbs own Statement → evaluation → prescription these features but not completely. However, they are also investigated as a folklore unit and We suppose, however, this scale should fit in with differentiate form proverbial phrases, clichés, the nature of the proverb, and it has, incidentally, idioms, aphorisms, wellerisms, superstations, the virtues that it operates with concepts general maxims and slogans. enough, and allows to consider the set of its subfunctions (or functional aspects) as a unified Linguistics also distinguish proverbs form idioms system. The functional aspects mentioned are in and phrases; besides analyse them as sentences, certain relationship with grammatical moods of the clauses, conversational turns, speech acts, etc. A sentence. Hence the illusion may arise that Proverb is considered as a phraseological unit with proverbs can be classified functionally straight on figurative meaning in linguistics and to be equal to a the ground of their "superficial" grammatical sentence according to a complete utterance that moods, so that the proverbs with stating they can form in a speech. (designative, informative) function were represented with indicative sentences, and those Moreover, their diverse expressiveness and with normative (prescriptive, evocative) function, emotiveness are obviously noticed during the respectively, with imperative sentences. This process of conversation. Therefore, proverbs can illusion, however, would be immediately shattered represent the speech situation clearly. against two complications: As we know, proverbs, as a rule, are used for some The evaluative, (emotive, expressive) function has practical, pragmatical purposes in various no separate or distinct manifestation (or "surface circumstances of everyday communication. With equivalent") in the shape of any grammatical mood. the aid of a proverb we can aim to provide As affirmed by several authorities, every verbal statements and opinions, forecast something