PHILOSOPHY OF THE FIRST JADID AHMAD MAHDUM DONISH

Аннотация

In the conditions of the dominance of religious dogmas, the sheer illiteracy of the population, the thinkers of the Muslim East were forced to resort to certain traditional forms of expressing their ideas. Socio- philosophical views were expressed in the pages of historical treatises, as well as in various essays, essays of a fictional, sociological nature, and poetry. The creativity of A. Donish was no exception here. However, in works that are semi-artistic in form, the thinker poses and tries to solve philosophical questions, in his own way criticizes religious dogmas. So, he asks the question: “If God, creating a person, predetermined the fate of a builder for him in advance, why did he not immediately, from birth, endow the person with the ability to build? Why is it necessary, while fulfilling the predestination of God, to study any other professions? KEYWORDS: - Original ideas, advanced character, conclusions and guesses of the thinker, ethical and political issues, the rule of religious dogmas, "deviation" from Sharia the memoirs of the Tajik writer Sadraddin Aini, I NTRODUCTION among the advanced madrasah students "a real revolution". Aini noted that “the influence of his Ahmad Donish, a thinker of the second half of the books on us was so strong that our views on the life 19th century, lived and worked in the Bukhara of that time changed almost completely”. Emirate, a state in a state of semi-colonial dependence on the Russian Empire. However, he T HE MAIN RESULTS AND FINDINGS can be considered the ancestor of the educational movement of modern times throughout Central Ahmad Donish (1827-1897) - Tajik scientist, Asia. His works on the vices of the emir’s power, the educator and philosopher of Central Asia of the abuse of officials, kazis (judges) and raises 19th century, who had a huge impact on the (representatives of the city administration), development of social and political thought in the criticism of the madrassah (a higher spiritual region. As a high-ranking official at the court of the educational institution in the Muslim East) and emir of Bukhara Nasrullah (1827-1860), back in the teaching methods in it were produced, according to 80s of the century before last, he wrote and CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL 41 SCIENCES ISSN – 2767-3758 https://masterjournals.com/index.php/crjps CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2(12): 41-44, December 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-12-08 ISSN 2767-3758 ©2021 Master Journals Accepted06thDecember, 2021 & Published 11thDecember, 2021 presented to his monarch a program of reforms in At that time, Bukhara was a feudal-despotic state, the state structure, in which, in particular, he where absolute power was in the hands of the emir. proposed creating an advisory body in the country The system of government has remained following the example of European parliaments. unchanged since the Middle Ages, the emir himself Who knows, perhaps the whole history of the exercised legislative and judicial power, at his own region would have developed differently if the emir discretion appointed the highest officials of the had listened to Donish's advice. But this did not state. There was no state budget system, officials happen - frightened by the bold ideas of the did not receive regular salaries and were “fed” at scientist, the emir removed him from the throne, the expense of the population. Legislative power and the emirate itself continued to plunge into the was exercised "in accordance with the provisions of abyss of ignorance and obscurantism ... Sharia", in connection with which the Muslim spiritual class enjoyed significant influence on the Ahmad Donish should be considered the first Jadid education system and the judicial system of the (although in standard historiography he is regarded country. Among the Muslim clergy came officials of only as a “forerunner” of Jadidism), and the last judicial and administrative bodies, teachers of Jadid is Sadriddin Aini, who in Soviet times madrasahs, imams (abbots of mosques) and distanced himself from Jadidism in every possible mullahs. The clergy also performed the function of way. Therefore, it is advisable to end this essay with overseeing the observance of moral norms; they reflections on the historical fate of the Jadid had the exclusive right to interpret Sharia law and movement as a whole, which unfolded at the turn of draw up legal decisions. two centuries. In the conditions of the dominance of religious The second generation of Jadids began their activity dogmas, the sheer illiteracy of the population, the with the word Najot (salvation) on their lips. The thinkers of the Muslim East were forced to resort to maturity of the new cohort of thinkers in their certain traditional forms of expressing their ideas. typological difference from all previous generations Socio-philosophical views were expressed in the of spiritual and intellectual elites (udaba, ulama, page