SCIENCE AND EDUCATION IN THE BUKHARA EMIRATE AT THE END OF THE 19TH - BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURIES

Аннотация

In the article socio-economic and cultural life of the Emirate of Bukhara of the late 19th and early 20th centuries is revealed. The order of the state system, the beginning of working class formation, the influence of the Russian protectorate on the further socio-economic life of the country is disclosed. KEYWORDS: - Emirate; capitalist system; state; khanate; dynasty; manghits; representative; protectorate; monarchy; slavery; dynasty; territory; type; nation; Islam; clergy; development; artisans. and Chardzhou regions. State administration here I NTRODUCTION had a structure where institutions of power traditional for the Muslim East (monarch - cabinet How often we forget the history of our land. And the of ministers - governors of provinces - judges) were purpose of my article is a brief overview of the intertwined with the experience of ruling previous social system of Bukhara at the end of the 19th and Bukhara dynasties (Samanids, Karakhanids, beginning of the 20th centuries. Throughout its Sheibanids, Ashtarkhanids). development, the Bukhara Emirate was a monarchy of the absolutist type. It included vast parts of the The order of the state structure of the emirate was territory of modern Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and as follows: kushbegi (first minister), kozi - kalon Turkmenistan, namely Bukhara, Kashkadarya, (chief judge), rais (guardian of order and mayor of Surkhandarya, Navoi, Kulyab, Khatlon, Gorno- the capital), divanbegi (chief of the office), zakotchi Badakhshchansk and two districts of Samarkand (leading taxes), lashkarboshi (commander of the CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL 108 SCIENCES ISSN – 2767-3758 https://masterjournals.com/index.php/crjps CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2(12): 108-112, December 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-12-23 ISSN 2767-3758 ©2021 Master Journals Accepted15thDecember, 2021 & Published 20thDecember, 2021 troops) were subordinate to the emir. , mirshab and urban artisans (kosibs). (chief of police). The beks, which were the main administrative units, were ruled by beks, kazii There were three types of feudal ownership of the (judges), respectively. [1] means of production: state (amlak), private (mulk), and vakuf. Representatives of the ruler in the 18-20 centuries. the Mangit dynasties held the most important The most important element in the social structure government posts, played a decisive role in the of society in the late XIX and early XX centuries. bureaucratic apparatus and the army. They also were artisans who represented the only trade - the held in their hands the levers of economic life, production group of the population, which disposed of most of the land and pastures, water subsequently played a huge role in the export of the sources, and took part in major trade operations. emirate. In Bukhara, there were about a hundred The latter were not only the rulers of the state, but independent branches of crafts. Workers of also the main clerics, thus personifying the pinnacle numerous small workshops processed metals, fiber of the monarchy of a feudal - theocratic nature. (silk, cotton), leather, made clothes, food products, After the emir, the next most important clerical various household items, and were engaged in the titles in the emirate were mufti, alam (ulema), construction of buildings. The transformation of imams, qori (readers of the Qur'an), etc. [2] handicrafts into commodity production in the Middle Ages, in turn, contributed to the It should be recalled that about 75 thousand people strengthening of the position of Bukhara, the lived in the ancient city by the 20th century. In creation of a crossroads of caravan trade routes addition to representatives of the indigenous connecting Central Asia, on the one hand, with Iran, nationality, Tajiks, Iranians, Arabs, Turkmens, Afghanistan and India, and on the other, with Indians lived here; Bukharian Jews and other Russia. nationalities. It must be admitted that the dominant Islam and the Muslim clergy as a whole could and In addition, duos were included in the statutes, the did save the multilingual city from interethnic reading of which was the duty of artisans at the strife; moreover, Islam here acted as a guarantor of beginning of work and in its different periods. All stability and harmony in society. artisans were obliged to obey the foremen, the foreman and the owner of the workshop. Violation T of the rules was punishable by a monetary penalty HE MAIN FINDINGS AND RESULTS in favor of the foreman or headman. In general, the artisans were completely subordinate to the clergy. It follows that this order has been tested and In Bukhara in the nineteenth century. there were legalized for many centuries, sanctified by Islam several hundred mosques built in the traditions of and legalized by the Shariah, has proven its ability ancient pre-Muslim and Muslim architecture. They to protect the monarchy from the attack of internal were one-two-story and w