WATER TRANSPORT IN KARAKALPAKSTAN: HISTORY AND MODERNITY

Аннотация

The article discusses the development of water transport in Karakalpakstan, which is important in the development of economic relations of the region with neighboring regions. The pioneers in the development of this industry in the Aral Sea region are the Aral and Amu Darya flotillas. At the same time, the article provides statistical data on cargo turnover at the beginning of the twentieth century. KEYWORDS: - Water transport, Karakalpakstan, Aral flotilla, Amu Darya, steamer, Petro-Aleksandrovsk, Chardjui. 62-67]. In the works of K. Sarybaev, great I NTRODUCTION attention is paid to the Amu Darya River and canals [6]. “The Amu Darya state shipping Thanks to the selfless work of many generations company, J.Ubbiniyazov notes, together with the of scientists, the lands of the Aral Sea region Central Asian and Tashkent-Orenburg railways, were discovered; the most valuable historical contributed to the strengthening of trade and materials on the activities of the Aral and Amu economic relations between the coastal cultural Darya flotillas were introduced into scientific zone of the Bukhara, Khiva khanates and the circulation [1]. Amudarya department with Russia” [7, pp. 62- At the first conference on the study of the 64]. M.S. Seytimbetov in the context of studying productive forces of the Karakalpak ASSR (1933) the modes of transport of Karakalpakstan also A.M. Komkov analyzed cartographic sources on paid great attention to the activities of the the history of the Aral Sea and the Amu Darya, flotillas [8]. starting with route surveys by I. Muravin (20th THE MAIN FINDINGS AND RESULTS century) and A.I.Butakov (1849) to 30 -x years of the twentieth century [2, p. 230-246]. In the works of S.S.Saimanov and S.A. Sulaimanov, the problem we are studying has B.V.Andrianov notes that the tsarist government also been illuminated [9, pp. 64-65]. believed that the effect of fish farming and sea transport is much less than the effect of Admiral A.I.Butakov has priority in founding a economic development and especially irrigated shipping company on the Aral Sea. In his reports agriculture [3]. M.Y. Yuldashev devoted one addressed to General Obruchev, he repeatedly article to the history of the Aral flotilla [4, pp. 30- emphasized that the navigation in the Aral Sea 39]. The Aral flotilla, the problems of fishing was from north to south is “it is always easy and can also the object of research by A.S. Sadykov [5, pp. be accomplished quickly on sailing ships, but on CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 47 ISSN – 2767-472X https://masterjournals.com/index.php/CRJH CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(5): 47-53, May 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-05-13 ISSN 2767-472X ©2021 Master Journals Accepted 25th May, 2021 & Published 31th May, 2021 the other hand, the path from south to north with Perovsky “arrived in Nukus, appearing the prevailing northerly winds is very difficult, unexpectedly in front of the amazed inhabitants and especially on flat-bottomed ships ... of the city” [12]. As the French geographer Elise Steamships are needed to successfully navigate Reklu emphasizes, “Since that time, navigation the Aral Sea” [10]. along the Lower Amu has never been interrupted, despite the obstacles encountered at Butakov proposed to build two 40-horsepower the entrance to the river and the fast current, iron steamers for the Aral Sea at the Ural which the steamers hardly overcome” [13]. factories. Such ships were ordered by a Swedish company. In 1852, Butakov delivered the Steamships successfully made long-distance disassembled steamer Perovskiy (displacement voyages, towing two small barges with a carrying 140 tons) and the iron steam longboat Obruchev capacity of 2 to 7 thousand poods, for example, in (16 tons) to Raim. In the spring of the next year, 1877 the steamer “Perovsky” with a tug of barge “Perovsky” and “Obruchev”, which initiated the No. 8, 7,000 poods. I departed from Kazalinsk on creation of the Aral flotilla, were launched. April 1 to Kos-Aral and from there to the island “Nikolay”, taking a week for this voyage and In February 1873, Russian troops, consisting of stopping in the southern bay of the island. The four detachments (Krasnovodsk, Mangyshlak, steamer “Tashkent” could pass with barge No. 7 Orenburg and Turkestan - more than 12,000 with a load of 7000 poods, from Perovsk to people in total) and the Aral flotilla under the Chinar in 3 weeks, and back with the same barge leadership of A.P. Sitnikov launched an offensive in 2 weeks. The rest of the ships of the Aral against Khiva. In 1862-1872 years, the Aral flotilla in 1877 began a campaign near Kazalinsk. flotilla was replenished with 4 foreign steamers, At the end of March, the “Syrdarya” steamer a floating dock and 9 barges with a total carrying could tow two barges No. 1 and 2 at once, lifting capacity of 55,800 poods. The ships were armed 6,000 poods together, making a voyage from with 22 guns. On June 18, 1866, the flotilla's staff Kaz