The study of grad on my in speech patterns and the principles of forming graduonymic rows

Аннотация

This article is devoted to identify the scientific researches of the phenomenon of graduonymy in speech patterns. And also, there is given information about forming graduonymic rows and their some important principles. Key words: graduonumy, phenomenon, speech pattern, graduonymic rows, principles, increase, decrease. The study of graduonymy in speech patterns and the principles of forming gra- duonymic series studied by mankind has its own history of gradual development. This process is continuously, one scientific study replaces another, enriches it with news, analyzes and changes it. There are a lot of spheres in the science of linguistics, and in our research devo- ted to the clarification of graduonymy (graduation), a phenomenon related to the increase or decrease of meaning in linguistics according to the level of word mea- nings, that is, the quantity and quality of the meaning, we used scientific research related to this topic in world linguistics and let’s talk about data. Graduonymic relations have been thoroughly studied in Russian linguistics, and N.S. Trubets- koi and R. Yakobson put forward the initial ideas for the emergence of the term graduonymy with their thoughts on phonemic gradual oppositions in their works devoted to phonology. Russian linguists O. Espersen and S.D. Katsnelson menti- oned in their works about the existence of words reflecting an intermediate state between the meanings of opposite words. Yu.S. Stepanov expressed the opinions that are the basis for studying the relations of graduonymy with synonymy and antonymy. Also, E. Sepir, I.V. Nazarova, S.M. Kolesnikova, S.A. Tikhomirov, G.V. Ki- reeva, S. Skad yseva, I.A. Isaeva have studied grading in speech. In English linguistics, the phenomenon of graduonymy is one of the researched areas. In his book “Lexical Semantics”, D.A. Cruz describes his views on hierarchi- cal linguistic situations, in which he mainly focuses on the level between rank and title words, the gradual increase between numbers, and also divides some lexe- mes into gradable and non-gradable groups. He believes that lexemes that mean units of measurement such as quantity and distance between them are graded. STARS International University 175 In Seok Yang, in his treatise “On antonymy in English”, calls some words that are mutually antonyms, which are mostly included in the adjective word group in the English language, as neutralizing antonyms, and expresses the opinion that the word normal can be placed between them, and thus forms graduonymic series ba- sed on antonyms. The German linguist M. Bierwisch in his study “The Semantics of Gradation” studied the phenomenon of gradation in adjectives using the example of German and English languages. I.R. Galperin in his work “Stylistics” highlighted the issues of gradation in speech. Russian linguist I.A. Isaeva banned gradual semantics in verbs on the example of verbs being manifested at the lexical-semantic and word formation levels. The author claims that the gradual semantics of verbs emerges through the use of additional tools – graduators (affixes, additional gradational meanings) and gives the word vzoyti – prevzoyti as an example of how the meaning of the verb can be strengthened by adding the prefix pre- in the Russian language. It is closer to gradation than the graduonymy we are studying and reflects gradation in speech. In her research, G.V. Kireeva studied exclamatory words expressing emotionality as a category of gradualness, while I.V. Nazarova studied the manifestation of the category of gradualness (gradualnost) in English. According to the appearance of the sign in the meanings expressed by the author adverbsgraduators (Russi- an linguists called the words denoting the degree of gradualness as graduators), extremely high-level adverbs (awfully, greatly, very, much); sufficiently high-level attitudes (considerably, pretty, rather); inadequate treatments (inconsiderably, insufficiently) divide it into and thereby reveals the manifestation of gradation at the morphological level. Initially, the term graduonymy is mentioned inuzbek linguistics as a form of the semantic relationship of words. It is believed that the phenomenon of graduonymy (graduation) is manifested in linguistics mainly at the lexical level. This phenomenon was carried out inuzbek linguistics by R. Safa- rova, Sh. Orifjonova, H. Ne’matov, O. Bozorov, R. Jabborova, S. Giyosov, G. Rah- monov, and in the cross-sectional aspect, researches on the study of graduonymic relations were carried out by J. Djumabaeva and N. Vohidova. Also, M. Fayzullaev researched the lexical-semantic groups of verbs in the cross-sectional aspect with the Russian language and determined the graduonymic relationships in verbs that reflect mental state. The term “Graduonymy” is used in the currentuzbek literary language in the same sense as the term “graduation”. This term appeared inuzbek linguistics at the end of the last century. Graduonymy is the gradation o