What is philology and its difference from other areas

Аннотация

This article provides information about the history of philology, teaching methodology, what philology is, and its difference from other fields. Key words: Philology, teaching methodology, science, linguistics, literary studies, tex- tual studies, source studies. Philology (from ancient Greek: philologia - «love of words», «love of words») is a general science consisting of the cooperation of humanities - linguistics, literary studies, textual studies, source studies, paleography, and others; studies the histo- ry and essence of human spiritual culture by linguistic and stylistic analysis of writ- ten monuments. The text, which consists of the sum of its internal issues and ex- ternal relations, is the first basis that determines the existence of philology. By focusing on the text and creating supporting comments (the most ancient form of philological works), philology covers human life, first of all, spiritual life with all its breadth and depth. Philology appeared in the period when the culture of writing was relatively advanced. The ancient highly developed cultures of the Middle East were almost unaware of philology, and in the Middle Ages Western Europe did not pay enough attention to it either; At the same time, philology is the homeland of philosophy. In India and Greece, thinking about words and speech, in the way of its analysis, appeared in harmony with philosophy. Despite the conflicts that later occurred between the pursuit of abstraction in philosophy and the precision and concreteness of philology, the initial integrity and unity of philosophy and philolo- gy was not accidental: the periods of the rise and development of philology often coincided with the great periods of epistemological thought (for example, in the Hellenistic world - from Aristotle, in Europe in the 17th century - It happened after R. Descartes, in Germany in the 19th century - I. Kant). Qad. Chinese culture had its own philological traditions (Liu Se’s works, 5th-6th centuries AD). But Qad. The philological teachings of India and China, and their achievements in this field, were not known to Europeans until recent times. The traditions of European philology relied entirely on Greek sources, and ancient Sunyo philology. During the period of the Sophists (2nd half of the 5th century - 1st half of the 4th century BC), the Global dunyoda ilm-fan va ta‘limdagi innovatsion rivojlanishning zamonaviy trendlari 15 dekabr, 2022 yil. 12 field of literature is sufficiently separated from the non-literary environment to become the object of theoretical poetics and philology. Among the sophists, Pro- tagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and others made great contributions to the develop- ment of philological methods; Greek literary theory rises to a higher level with Aristotle’s Poetics. In the Hellenistic period (3rd-1st centuries BC), philology was separated from the science of philosophy and passed into the hands of specialists - the librarians of Alexandria and Pergamum: they were engaged in identifying and interpreting the corrected texts of ancient authors. Dionysius of Thrace (c. 150-90 BC) developed a theory of word groups that is still in use today. Among the schol- ars of the early Christian era, Origen and Jerome (the person who first translated the Bible into Latin) carried out enormous textological works on the original ver- sion of the Bible and the Greek translation. The tradition of Greek philology was continued in Byzantium in the Middle Ages, preserving its ancient status (study and interpretation of classic texts); After the fall of the Roman Empire (1453), Re- naissance Italy inherited Byzantine philology thanks to the fleeing scholars. Qad. In Rome, philology was distinguished from phammatics, which studied the gram- matical aspect of the language, spelling. The next stage of development of philol- ogy is associated with the treatises of Dante, Boccaccio, Petrarch, and Lorenzo Wall during the Renaissance. In these treatises, the true content of Aristotle’s works is revealed, p. the written texts of Greek and Roman writers were studied and interpreted from a critical point of view. During the period when philology was depressed in Europe in the Middle Ages, during the 8th-14th centuries, Arabic philology began to develop on a large scale. In Arabic philology, the fields of lin- guistics and partly literary studies are developed. During this period, Kufa and Basra grammar schools (currents) emerged. Representatives of the grammar school of Basra: Khalil ibn Ahmad (8th century) and his student Sibawayhi devel- oped the standards of the classical Arabic language in their works and compiled the first explanatory dictionary of the Arabic language. Sibawayhi divided the word groups into 3 main groups (noun, verb, letter) defined the syntactic relations of word groups. The representatives of the Kufa grammar stream devoted their works to the syntax of the Arabic language and the dialectal grammatical features of the Arabic language. I