FROM THE HISTORY OF THE AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN AND CHINESE EMPIRES ON THE ISSUE OF EAST TURKESTAN IN THE XIX CENTURY

Аннотация

In the 21st century, the scientific study of the history of colonial policy pursued by the great empires on the basis of modern approaches has not lost its relevance. Their policies in different regions have led to political, economic and cultural changes as well as conflicts of interest. In particular, in the XVIII century in Central Asia there was a sharp political process. Not only will there be military conflicts in the region, but the political interests of several major empires will clash in the region. In particular, the growing economic potential of the Russian Empire increased its aspirations for East Turkestan, and on the other hand, after the Manchu dynasty took the Chinese throne, their bold move to the region aggravated the political situation. The short-lived occupation of Mongolia, Tibet, Lobnor, and the present-day Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region by the Qing Empire resulted in the abolition of the centuries-old statehood of the peoples of Central Asia. In this sense, the occupation of East Turkestan by the Manchus was the responsibility of the Russian Empire and the Chinese administration. KEYWORDS: - Central Asia, Gulja and Chuguchak, Kokand Khanate, the Fergana Valley and Kashgar, East Turkestan, Semipalatinsk, Petropavlovsk, Troitsk. development of trade relations between Russia I NTRODUCTION and China in Central Asia [15. 35-44]. On February 5, 1852, Emperor Nicholas I signed the In the middle of the 19th century, as the territory Treaty of Gulja and the rules of land trade with of these empires became closer to the Central western China [15. 36-37]. According to him, the Asian region, the ruling circles of St. Petersburg heads of caravans traveling from Russia to China intensified their efforts to ensure and strengthen had to obtain special tickets (permits) from Russia's trade relations with East Turkestan and customs in Semipalatinsk, Petropavlovsk, Central Asia. At the same time, in the context of Troitsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk and Kopal. Those who the growing interest of the great empires in did not have such a document were entitled to Central Asia during this period, the existing various fees by the local Chinese government. sharp political process required that the The text of this agreement has not been relations have a legal basis. In this regard, the published in the press. According to the Treaty of Gulja, signed on July 25, 1850, was the agreement, it was agreed to open Russian first step in the legal strengthening and consulates in the cities of Gulja and Chuguchak, CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 32 ISSN – 2767-472X https://masterjournals.com/index.php/CRJH CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 2(11): 32-38, November 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-11-08 ISSN 2767-472X ©2021 Master Journals Accepted 20thNovember, 2021 & Published 25thNovember, 2021 and I.I. Zakharov and A.A. Tatarinov were the Pamirs” [16. 35]. In addition to border first consuls. Among the folders currently stored agreements, the Beijing Agreement also in the MDA of the Republic of Uzbekistan there is addressed the development of Russian-Chinese a document related to this agreement, which trade relations. At the same time, Russian traders contains the following information: “... Traders of will have the right to trade in the cities of Gulja the 1st, 2nd and 3rd guilds of the Russian and Chuguchak, as well as in Kashgar. In general, government have the right to trade in the cities this agreement defines the general principles and of Gulja and Chuguchak. Tashkent and other directions of the borders between the two Asians have had the right to trade since 1852, countries. Of course, each side wanted a border first of all, they must have a guild certificate and that was economically viable, along with the a special ticket from the Russian government. western-strategic interests of their state. Every trader had to meet with Russian consuls According to a study by Russian historian when he went to China.” In general, this Moiseev, the parties tried to work on the issue of agreement played an important role in border demarcation in terms of their own strengthening the position of the Russian Empire interests. In particular, the Chinese version of the in Central Asia in its political and economic agreement is not about the installation of simple relations with China. barriers, but about the creation of permanent border barriers in the direction from the Shabin- T HE MAIN FINDINGS AND RESULTS Dabak border to Lake Zayson in the west. Another problem was that after the Qing dynasty From 1853, the Russian Empire began its occupied East Turkestan and Hungary in the invasions of the Central Asian khanates. Huge 1950s, permanent and temporary checkpoints areas will be occupied in a short time. Especially were set up near the mountainous Altai region of in 1860, the political situation in the south- Kazakhstan to prevent the migration of nomads eastern regions of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan to China. In th