The current status of mountain and foothill pastures of Uzbekistan and ways to improve them

Аннотация

The article identifies the impact of anthropogenic factors on the example of Ahangaran district of Tashkent region of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the mountain and foothill areas. In Ahangaron district of Tashkent region, the total area of pastures is 84,725 hectares, which 18,115 hectares (21%) of total area are degraded to varying degrees. It is provided a number of scientific and practical suggestions and recommendations for the improvement, restoration and efficient use of pastures. Keywords: degraded foothill pastures, climate, population, number of livestock, promising pasture plants, pilot plots, land management projects, efficient use of pastures. Introduction. The growing population in the context of limited land and water resources in the country also leads to increase in demand for livestock products such as meat, milk, wool and leather. The country's natural pastures and hayfields are an important natural resource in meeting the needs of the population in livestock products through the development of animal husbandry. [4; 91-97- p.]. Relevance of the topic. 20.2 million hectares of land in the Republic of Uzbekistan are used for agricultural purposes. Hence, 11 million hectares are pastures [5; 91-97-p.]. According to official data, 42% of these pastures are degraded. In order to prevent the erratic use of pastures, the Law "On Pastures" [1] has been adopted and a number of measures are being implemented within the government [2, 3, 4]. 287 The object of research is the foothill and mountain pastures of Uzbekistan. Research methods. The researches are generally accepted methodical manuals in practice, methodical manuals on geobotanical researches developed by State scientific-design institute “Uzdaverloyikha” [6; p. 160]. Fund materials on the climate of the foothill and mountain pastures of the Hydrometeorological Service Center were also used. Research results and their discussion. According to the climatic data, the long-term average air temperature is observed around + 14 + 16ºC in Chirchik-Angren district. The duration of cold days in the Chirchik-Angren valley is 48-76 days, in Karakalpakstan - 151-171 days. Atmospheric precipitation falls mainly in autumn, winter and spring, the amount of precipitation in the Chirchik-Angren valley is 301-614 mm. Diagrams 1 below show the 30-year changes in the natural climatic indicators of Ahangaran district of Tashkent region. Precipitation, mm/year 500 461,6 450 399,9 374 3 ,8 90,1 380,1 400 351,4 m 330,4 320,6 315,8 322,6 324 3 ,2 37,6 323,9 326 328 330,1 m 350 290,9 296,2 ,s r o 300 272,3 217,8 226 2 ,7 47,6 2672,978,6 248,4 t 250 a c id 200 167,1 n i 150 100 50 0 0123456789012345678901234567890 years 9999999999000000000011111111112 9999999999000000000000000000000 1111111111222222222222222222222 Diagram 1. Precipitation in Ahangaran district of Tashkent region for the last 30 years. Analyzing the linegraph, very sharp changes were observed in the mountain and foothill pasture areas, according to the perennial rainfall data for 1990-2010. For example, in mountainous and foothill areas, the average annual precipitation 288 in 1992 was 290.9 mm, while in 1993 the maximum precipitation was 461.6 mm. Relative drought in 1995 was 167.1 mm. Between 1996 and 2010, the average annual rainfall was recorded at 227–400 mm. From 2010 to 2020, the annual rainfall was observed to be around 324-330 mm, almost unchanged, and the same trend was observed over 10 years (Diagram 1). In the mountainous and foothill areas of Ahangaran district of Tashkent region for the last 30 years the average maximum temperature was 21-22 °C, and the minimum temperature was 9-10 °C, respectively, changes in both indicators were observed around ± 1-2. The average minimum winter temperature in this region was recorded around -8 °C in 1993, and the maximum air temperature was recorded around + 23 °C in 2016. (Diagram 2). Average annual maximum and minimum air temperature, °С 40 С35 e ,30 r u t a r e p m1 2 2 5 0 5 5 ,2 2 6 ,1 2 4 ,1 2 1 ,0 2 4 ,1 2 4 ,2 2 4 ,1 2 4 ,2 2 7 ,1 2 5 ,2 2 3 2 2 ,3 2 7 ,2 2 7 ,1 2 1 ,3 2 3 ,2 2 7 ,2 2 6 ,2 2 2 ,2 2 8 ,1 2 7 ,2 2 5 ,1 2 1 ,1 2 9 ,2 2 8 ,1 2 4 ,2 2 3 ,3 2 3 ,2 2 1 ,2 2 5 ,2 2 2 ,1 2 e10 t r iA 5 6 ,9 3 ,9 9 8 7 ,8 3 ,9 4 ,8 5 ,9 3 ,9 5 ,9 8 ,9 9 ,9 1 ,0 1 8 ,9 4 ,0 1 0 1 9 ,9 6 ,9 4 ,9 8 ,9 5 ,0 1 3 ,9 9 1 ,0 1 9 ,8 0 1 9 ,0 1 7 ,9 5 ,9 2 ,0 1 9 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Years Diagram 2. Maximum and minimum average air temperature for the last 30 years in Ahangaran district of Tashkent region. According to long-term data for the last 30 years, the lowest wind speed (13.6 m/sec) was observed in Ahangaran district of Tashkent region in 1993, while the highest was 16.6 m/sec. observed in 2016. Therefore, given the duration and sp