Изучение истории арабских завоеваний в английской историографии

Аннотация

In this article, the study of the history of the Arab conquests in the English- language historiography in XX–XXI centuries is discussed. The data about the well- known English orientalists and their works on the history of conquests is analyzed. Keywords and expressions: British orientalists, Royal Geographical Society, Arab Caliphate, Sir William Muir, “The Arab Conquests in Central Asia”, Transoxania, Qu- taybah b. Muslim, W. Barthold, H.N.Kennedy. Аннотация. Ушбу мақолада XX–XXI аср инглиз тарихшунослигида араб фатҳ юришларининг ўрганилиши ҳақида сўз юритилади. Бунда, асосан, кўзга кўринган инглиз шарқшунослари ҳамда уларнинг асарлари таҳлил доирасига тортилган. Таянч сўз ва иборалар: Britaniyalik sharqshunoslar, Qirollik geografiya jamiyati, Arab xalifaligi, “Markaziy Osiyoda arab istilolari”, Movarounnahr, Qutayba ibn Mus- lim, V. Bartold, H.N. Kennedi. Аннотация. В этой статье изучаается история арабских завоеваний в англий- ской историографии XX–XXI веков. Проанализированы работы крупных английских востоковедов. Опорные слова и выражения: британские ориенталисты, Королевское геогра- фическое общество, Арабский халифат, «Арабские завоевания в Центральной Азии», Мавераннахр, Кутейба ибн Муслим, В. Бартольд, Х.Н. Кеннеди. The attention to the study of the nation, its history and culture in the continent of Europe began from XVIII century, and there were organized several specific scientific research centres. “Until the eighteenth century, there had been translated the works by Russian, Arabian and Western European authors regarding the Uzbeks, the Kirghiz, the Kazakhs, the Tadjiks and others pertaining to history, ethnography and so on”1. The history and issues of the conquests of the Arabs in Central Asia and sub- duement of this region to the Arab Caliphate had paid attention by the European orientalists. The study of this period was carried out by the British orientalists initially. The first research works in English on the history of Central Asia were carried out on the basis of the Russian historiography – the research works in Russian, and there had been collected a certain amount of data in the specific scientific English research centres (such as the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Society of Central Asian studies)2. 1 Масалиева О. ХХ аср инглиз-америка тарихшунослигида Бухоро, Хива ва Қўқон хонлик- лари тарихи. Тарих фанлари номзоди и. д. ... дисс. – Т., 1999. 16-б. 2 Масалиева О. ХХ аср инглиз-америка тарихшунослигида Бухоро, Хива ва Қўқон хонлик- лари тарихи. Тарих фанлари номзоди и. д. ... дисс. – Т., 1999. 16–17-б. 19 ORIENTAL STUDIES / SHARQSHUNOSLIK / ВОСТОКОВЕДЕНИЕ 2017, № 4 The initial study and investigation of the history of the Arabs and the Arab Caliphate in the English historiography in the late of nineteenth century is con- nected with the name of Scottish orientalist, Sir William Muir (1819–1905). The book named “The Caliphate. Its rise, decline and fall”1 by this orientalist, which was published in Edinburgh, 1915, gives very useful data about the history of Caliphate. This book was one of the sources to study the history of the Arab Caliphate in Europe and published several times (in 1883, 1891, 1899 and 1915). Sir William Muir’s book includes data about the history of Central Asia and the advent of the Arabs to this region. Especially, the chapters LI, LII narrate about the conquests in Central Asia, in particular, Qutaybah ibn Muslim’s military campaigns2. A Scottish orientalist, Sir Hamilton Alexander Roskeen Gibb (1895–1971) also studied the history of the Caliphate and Muslim world. His research work named “The Arab Conquests in Central Asia”3 is one of the essential scientific literatures to study the history of the invasions carried out by the Arab vicegerents in the region of Khurasan and Transoxania. “The Arab Conquests in Central Asia” was Gibb’s thesis written for Master of Arts, gained in 1922. The first draft of this work was presented to the University of London in 1921 under the title of “The Arab conquests in Transoxania” as a thesis and approved by the Senate in 1922, for publication as such4. H.A.R. Gibb emphasized that the scientific works and lectures of Russian academic W. Barthold such as “Turkestan” (“Turkestan Dawn to the Mongol Invasion”) and “The Nomads of Central Asia” were one of the most important and valuable for his thesis5. This work is valuable for studying the military expansions of the Arabs, due to the fact that the monography gives important information and scientific conclusions about the political condition in the region on the eve and during the invasions. The contents of the book consist of five parts. The early history, political divisions in Cen- tral Asia, moreover, the early Arab raids, conquests of Qutaybah ibn Muslim, Turkish counterstroke with the Arabs, and the reconquest of Transoxania are narrated in it. H.A.R. Gibb explains the reasons and factors of success of the Arabs to conquer the region6, and interprets the event